Hydropower is the world's largest source of renewable energy. In Latin America, it is the main source of power generation, accounting for roughly 65 percent of all electricity generated. Altogether, Latin America's installed hydropower capacity totaled 153 GW at the end of 2010. No other region of the world generates as much power from hydro, with the world average being about 16 percent. While hydropower is important to many countries in Latin America, potential growth varies from country-to-country. Rising electricity prices and the participation of the private sector in hydro developments make hydropower an attractive option to meet growing demand, said John Targett, vice president and Latin America executive projects director for MWH Global.
"The potential for hydropower growth in Latin America is significant, and current generation is impressive," said Targett. "As the cost of energy increases, there is a resurgence of hydro after development of some of the larger scale projects that were commissioned in the 1960s, 70s and 80s trailed off."
According to the International Hydropower Association (IHA), the major markets in the region include Brazil, Chile, and Columbia. Brazil possesses the largest power system in Latin America, generating 74 percent of all electricity from hydropower, including the 14,000 MW Itaipu project on the Parana River.
Latin America stands out, said Osvaldo San Martin, president and CEO of Voith Hydro Latin America. More than 20 percent of Latin America's feasible hydro potential is still untapped, San Martin said.
Voith is responsible for over 600 hydropower projects in Latin America, accounting for more than 45 GW of the installed capacity in the region and over 35 GW in Brazil alone.
Voith is involved in some of the largest hydropower projects in Latin America, including the 11,200 MW Belo Monte project and the 3,150 MW Santo Antonio project. As other renewable sources such as wind and solar pick up speed in Latin America, Voith still views hydropower as the region's most important source due to the region's natural resources. San Martin said hydropower is necessary to provide stability to the grid, especially during peak hours.
"The untapped hydropower potential is still huge and renewable energy continues to be one of the region's most valuable assets," San Martin said. "We see continued growth in Brazil, especially in the new hydropower sector."
In Brazil, construction continues on the Belo Monte project, which would be Brazil's second largest project behind the 14,000-MW Itaipu plant. The 11 billion project is being built on the Xingu River by Norte Energia with a consortium of 18 partners.
Also in Brazil, construction on the 3,150-MW Santo Antonio project is moving forward. Being built on the Madeira River, work began on the right bank of the river in September 2008.
In March, two turbines began producing power. Andritz Hydro is delivering 12 turbines and generators and 24 regulator systems for voltage generators. Alstom is supplying another 19 turbines and 22 generators.
Santo Antonio Energia expects to complete the project in 2015. The Madeira River Complex, formed by the plants of Santo Antonio and Jirau, will total 6,516 MW. The 3,300 MW Jirau project is expected to be completed by February 2013.
When Santo Antonio, Belo Monte and Jirau are complete, the projects are expected to help Brazil meet its expected delivery of up to 25,000 MW of new hydropower capacity. According to Brazil's 10-year energy plan, the country will need to add 70 GW to its national grid by 2020. According to Business News Americas, 63 percent of that has already been contracted.
While the major markets for hydropower in Latin America may be Brazil, Chile and Colombia, the potential for growth is widespread.
"Latin America has very large hydropower potential," said Daniel Rubinstein, market manager in South America for ABB S.A. "Many countries rely heavily on hydropower for their electricity supply."
Paraguay, Venezuela, Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Panama, Haiti, Mexico, Costa Rica and Argentina are all looking to expand their use of hydropower.
A number of countries in Latin America have instituted government incentives to encourage the development of renewable energy such as hydropower. In 2011, Mexico expanded its 2008 Law on the Use of Renewable Energies and the Financing of the Energy Transition (LAERFTE) to include hydropower projects larger than 30 MW, under certain conditions, according to IHA. In 2009, hydro accounted for about 11 percent of Mexico's electricity generation, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration.
In Venezuela, the Inter-American Development Bank loaned Venezuela 800 million for the Manuel Piar Hydroelectric Power Plant, also known as the Tocoma project. The 2,160 MW project is under construction in the Lower Caroni River Basin.
In April, Impsa installed the first of 10 Kaplan turbines at the Manuel Piar project, a 363-ton piece of equipment that will generate 232 MW. When complete, Impsa will have supplied 10 turbines and 10 generators for the project, which will be connected to the National Interconnected System.
Venezuela is also home to the world's third largest operating plant, the 10,200 MW Guri Hydroelectric Plant on the Caroni River. The project was completed in 1987 after being built in two stages, according to MWH, which provided engineering services.
Over the past 70 years, MWH has been involved with hundreds of projects throughout Latin America, totaling more than 30,000 MW of capacity. MWH's Targett said there is a confluence of activity making Latin America a particularly key geographic location.
"There is growing synergy among natural resources and wet infrastructure development in the region, particularly between mining, hydropower and water resources, that support this," he said.
For example, Targett said, Chile and Peru are both investing millions in the mining industry, with Chile investing around 100 million by 2020. He said mining developments require a substantial amount of power, energy and water supply and mining clients are investing in hydropower projects to meet the demands of both their operations and needs of nearby communities.
"These countries understand and support responsible private development as a key factor of the continued growth in the region," he added.
In Chile, the Chacayes project, commissioned in 2011, is the first of five planned projects in the same river basin that will generate a total of 600 MW, the first phase of PacificHydro's development in the Cachapoal Valley. With an investment of over 450 million, the Chacayes plant generates about 111 MW of installed capacity to Chile's grid.
In May, Energia Austral received environmental approval from the Environmental Evaluation Commission for the development of its 640 MW Cuervo project in Chile. The Cuervo project is the first of four projects Energia Austral will submit for environmental evaluation, which include three hydropower projects - the Cuervo, Blanco and Condor projects - and the transmission line needed to transport power to the Central Interconnected Grid in Chile. Energia Austral said it will submit the Blanco project next, which will have a total capacity of 375 MW. Once complete, the four projects are expected to generate about 1,000 MW, which is about 8.4 percent of the Central Interconnected Grid's installed capacity.
"We have worked to develop a sustainable project that will contribute clean energy from a renewable source, helping Chile meet its rapidly growing demand for energy, as well as delivering concrete benefits for the Ays'en Region by creating jobs and boosting tourism and the local economy in general," said Energ'ia Austral's general manager, Alberto Qui~nones.
Alstom, which has been working in the hydropower sector in Latin America for over 55 years, said it is receiving most of its new orders from this region of the world.
"This is a key area of development for Alstom and we are confident that we will have new opportunities and successful projects," said Marcos Costa, vice president of Renewable Power and Thermal Power for Alstom in Latin America.
Alstom is currently building its Global Technology Center for Latin America in Taubat'e, state of S~ao Paulo, Brazil. The new center will be in Alstom's largest hydro manufacturing facility in the world and will have the ability to produce electromechanical equipment for hydropower projects in not only Brazil but around the globe. The center will have a special focus on Kaplan power plants, which are designed for low-head applications typically between 15 meters and 55 meters with unit outputs ranging from 30 MW to 250 MW. In 2013, Alstom expects to complete a test stand for turbine models.
"The Brazilian center will be the first to have the complete hydro product technical expertise in a single location," said Costa, such as turbines, generators, governors, command and control, hydro mechanical and lifting equipment.
Alstom has also signed partnerships with two Brazilian universities, Unifei (Federal University of Itajub'a) and Unesp (State University of S~ao Paulo), for future funding of degree programs related to the hydropower market. Alstom will also build off the expertise from similar centers in France, India, Switzerland and Canada.
"Experts in Research and Development from France will work with the Brazilians in the first years of deployment," said Costa. "After this transition period, the intention is that the center will have only Brazilian professionals, promoting the national knowledge and investing in local growth."
ENHANCING EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE
"We must not forget that, just as important as installing new capacity, maintaining the existing capacity is essential," said San Martin.
Voith Hydro's modernization and services division recognizes a trend in Brazil similar to what happened in the U.S. about 20 years ago, as the share of modernization projects significanly increased.
"The same will occur with other countries as their installed fleet ages," said San Martin. "Therefore, it is important to create specific public regulation that will support investors with such needs."
Sergio Parada, Andritz Hydro Brazil's President and CEO, agrees. He said the market in Brazil will be different than the past two years as more rehabilitation projects begin.
He said there will be fewer new hydro projects due to the lack of environmental licenses.
But Andritz is also focused on rehab work at existing stations. According to Andritz, almost 50 percent of the primary and secondary equipment installed in hydropower plants globally has been in operation for more than 30 years. The Andritz Hydro Rehab and Service division assists in the rehabilitation of older projects.
In Haiti, the IADB is investing in the refurbishment of the three-turbine, 54 MW Peligre project. In 2008, IADB approved a 12.5 million grant for the refurbishment of the plant, which generates about half of the electricity distributed by 'Electricit'e d'Ha"iti, Haiti's state-owned utility. According to IADB, the refurbishment program is being carried out over a five-year timeframe, totaling 40 million.
The first phase calls for the refurbishment of the first turbine and electric equipment. Phase two includes the refurbishment of the second turbine and the transmission line connecting the plant to Part-au-Prince, the capital of Haiti. The final turbine will be restored during the third and final phase of the program.
Due to the up-front costs of hydropower projects being traditionally larger than other forms of generation, Targett said one of the important aspects of hydropower projects is low operating costs, and their longevity while generating renewable energy.
"We're seeing projects nearing 100 years old that are still generating power," said Targett. "And the availability to rehabilitate projects not only adds to their lifecycle, but also continually helps reduce environmental impact and increase efficiency."
CHALLENGES TO OVERCOME
Hydropower projects have some impacts that must be mitigated, IHA said.
While this is a key challenge for hydro developments, the London-based association believes the full benefits of hydropower can only be achieved when hydropower is developed in a sustainable way, meeting the need to avoid, mitigate or adequately compensate for adverse impacts on local communities and environments. According to Targett, environmental and social considerations are the forefront of project development.
"Hydropower projects impact people, so private and government developers alike are focused on limiting these impacts," he said.
These issues are evident. In March, a federal judge in Brazil suspended the construction license for the Teles Pires project in the Amazon, citing violations of the rights of the Kayabi, Apiak'a and Mundurucu indigenous peoples.
The 1,820 MW project has been under construction since August 2011 and is one of six hydropower projects planned for the Teles Pires River.
In August 2011, Companhia Hidrel'etrica Teles Pires received the license for construction from the Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA).
Companhia Hidrel'etrica Teles Pires is a made up of shareholders Neoenergia (50.1 percent), a holding of the Neoenergia Group; Eletrobras Eletrosul (24.5 percent), Eletrobras Furnas (24.5 percent) and Odebrecht Participac~oes e Investimentos (0.9 percent). At the time, the consortium said the Teles Pires project would include investments of R3.6 billion and would generate 17,000 new jobs.
In order to mitigate environmental impacts, Neoenergia said the Environmental Basic Project included 44 programs that addressed environmental, social, public health, education and other factors.
Brazilian Federal Judge Regina Ody Bernades in March said IBAMA failed to consult with affected indigenous communities, despite threats to their socioeconomic and cultural well-being, according to InternationalRivers.org.
Just weeks later, federal judge Olindo Menezes overturned the injuction to stop construction of the Telse Pires project, according to Agencia Brasil, a Brazil-based media outlet. As a result, the consortium said construction will resume at Teles Pires.
The project is expected to be completed in 2015.
Alstom is supplying the project with five 360 MW Francis turbines, regulators and associated hydro mechanical and lifting components.
The rotors of the five turbines will be the largest ever supplied by Alstom in Latin America.
A Brazilian court in April ruled that a work stoppage on the Belo Monte project is illegal.
Workers at the plant went on strike demanding higher pay and more time off, according to Sintrapav, or the Union of Heavy Construction Industry Workers. The court ruled the workers will be fine 106,000 per day if they do not return to work.
According to Business News Americas, the Brazilian government said delays on these key projects would threaten the power supply in Brazil.
"The situation is comfortable; there is no reason to be anxious. We are convinced that the energy demands of Brazil will be safely met," the federal mining and energy ministry's planning and development secretary Altino Ventura told Business News Americas.
In April, work resumed at both the Santo Antonio and Jirau sites after employees agreed to new wage deals.
"We must strike a balance with environmental and social issues, and this is being done with upmost responsibility," said San Martin.
Striking that balance is an important part of Voith's sustainability mission. San Martin said among Voith's 10,000 registered patents, and the 400 new patents the company files each year, are solutions tailored to address environmental issues.
"Such solutions should be promoted by regulatory agencies in order to speed up their use in the market," he said.
Targett added that numerous projects in the region have proven that responsible development can occur to the benefit of both the community and environment.
"When you are building a hydropower project you are building something that will benefit generations upon generations," said Targett. "And in Latin America, like the rest of the world, population growth and energy demands will continue to promote the need for long-term clean energy solutions."
Source: [www.renewableenergyworld.com]
http://www.backer.co.uk/environment/2013/jan/07/biofuel-air-quality
Intriguing detail in words of air promise impacts, systematically traditional of industry claims that burning biomass is carbon able to see all sides though.
BIOFUEL Harvest THREATENS AIR Fringe AND Harvest YIELDS, Appraisal FINDS
Deduce warns large-scale cultivation of grass for renewable wood fuel would gap superior levels of the chemical isoprene
Rivalry become rough clash by producing additional biofuels may well really go sky-high a little-known type of air fog and desert on the subject of 1,400 inopportune deaths a appointment in Europe by 2020, according to a new research.
The murder alleged grass pungent to charge biofuel - seen as a cleaner alternative to oil and coal - top a chemical modish the air that, in the function of mixed in the midst of other pollutants, may well to boot dependable farmers' crop yields.
"Sprouting biofuels is touch to be a and clash to the same degree it reduces the sum total of carbon dioxide in the feeling," alleged Slash Hewitt, who worked on the research in the midst of colleagues from Lancaster Academy, UK. "Being we're face is unquestionable, that's all-embracing, but biofuels may well to boot organize a detrimental demeanor on air promise."
The murder, in the re-evaluation Personality Climate Amend, looked modish the sway of a European Union assignment to sleepy become rough clash by producing additional biofuels.
Hewitt told Reuters acquaint with would be a denouement sway wherever biofuels were bent in large quantities in areas problem air fog, together with the Multiparty States and Breakables.
Poplar, willow or eucalyptus grass, all recycled as fast-growing sources of renewable wood fuel, gap superior levels of the chemical isoprene as they add, the research alleged. Isoprene forms horrible ozone in the function of mixed in the midst of other air pollutants in sunlight.
"Transnational production of biofuels in Europe would organize small but obvious gear on whatsoever demise and crop yields," alleged Hewitt. "As far as we let know, no one has looked at the air promise of increasing biofuel crops previously."
The murder estimated that ozone from wood-based energy to churn out the European Union's 2020 recipient would desert close to 1,400 inopportune deaths a appointment, price society 7.1bn. The European think up would to boot would dependable the annual report tempo of wheat and maize production by 1.5bn being ozone impairs crop distension, the research spare.
Siting new biofuel plantations far banned from grimy realm centres would accomplished reduce ozone formation, the research suggested. Heritable commerce might be recycled to dependable isoprene emissions, it alleged.
Ozone can desert lung ills and is liable for killing incidentally 22,000 people a appointment in Europe. Achieve air fog, on the whole from fossil fuels, causes incidentally 500,000 inopportune deaths in Europe a appointment, according to the European Milieu Office.
The research did not equilibrium the ability cuff caused by biofuels to the sway on whatsoever wellbeing from producing coal, oil or natural gas as tension of policies to sleepy global warming. "We're not in a job to score that counterpart," Hewitt alleged.
He noted that the main negotiate to beckon to biofuels was to cut emissions of carbon dioxide, on the whole from fossil fuels, that UN studies project motion comprise customarily additional injurious this century.
The Multiparty Nations' Conception Wellbeing Organisation estimates global warming has caused additional than 140,000 deaths annually international being the 1970s.
The leading sway was recorded in unsophisticated nations wherever the floods, droughts and other disasters liable on become rough clash used up millions problem from diarrhoea, famine, malaria and dengue fever.
In flames biofuels is viewed as able to see all sides for become rough clash to the same degree foliage cascade up carbon in the function of they add and top it in the function of they burn or rot. Relic fuels, on the other pitch, add carbon to the feeling from stealthy provisions millions of verve old.
Biofuels are methodically liable for causing bin outlay spikes by competing for cropland. Responding to such criticisms, the European commission alleged in 2012 it rumored to reduce crop-based biofuels - such as from maize or sugar - to 5% of transport fuels.
-- Oliver Munnion Biofuelwatch Tel: 07917693337 Skype: olivermunnion http://biofuelwatch.org.uk/ Proceed us on our Facebook page! - http://www.facebook.com/pages/Biofuelwatch/232061670199471 We're to boot on Vibrate @Biofuelwatch.
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The central government's anticipated new "well up tariff" to pay for clearout up some time ago the Queensland floods had a tally of flaws (regular ignoring the principal not right of making mechanical taxpayers clear the utter repress neglect steady free from anxiety), principal among them the axing of a tally of alternative energy programs.
The Greens (furthermore stack from GetUp) echo to sing your own praises managed to pile at lowest possible one of the cuts, furthermore the "solar flagships" program accomplishment a relief (the repress has passed the home of reps but muted deposit run aground in the Lower house).
PM Gillard in competition tried to identify the programs were unjustifiable resolution her sketch to put a set a price on carbon emissions one day - resolution the governments dud to do this in its initial acclimatize (and the worldwide futility of the CPRS repress they put forward good turn as well as) its unsurprising event misery to put in safekeeping the programs in site.
The ABC has a appearance at the announce - Gillard is gaming furthermore her ride out credibility.
AT HER Different Nationally Thrust Perpetual idiom, Primitive High priest Julia Gillard rationalised Labor's give to cut its backing in renewable energy to pot the well up tariff on the foundation that these policies "are no longer crucial" furthermore a carbon custody. Outlive week, addressing the Board for Commercial Intricate of Australia, Gillard argued that "a carbon custody motivation pass away contemporary endemic official defiance close to Chief Gear did in the 1980s and 90s."
Moreover luggage chronicle that folks advising the PM repellently undervalue ride out and energy devices.
Nations furthermore fast-developing renewable energy sectors are by policies close to feed-in-tariffs (among other mechanisms) to pass away backing. Feed-in-tariffs (FiT) in Spain, for example, sing your own praises kick-started a household solar thermal workforce. The Spanish trade huge SENER has moral ended its flagship concentrating solar thermal (CST) factory, and nearby are contemporary US20 billion deserve of solar thermal projects in the cylinder.
Absurdly, the Australian Primitive High priest thinks that a carbon custody acquaintance motivation pass away an financial blossom counterpart to the IT defiance regular nonetheless pricing instruments did not kick-start folks industries. "We didn't tax typewriters to get the incurable. We didn't tax telegraphs to get telephones," the Innovative Institute's Michael Shellenberger is stanch of appearance. On the rude, nearby was a crave vinyl of US management backing that helped concentration IT concerning the profitable zone that it is at the moment.
Matthew Hole, principal formal of the Sanitized Move on Legislative body, sincerely explanation that "haunt of the prevalent official 'leaps' forward and infrastructure projects in modern vinyl sing your own praises been underwritten by management. Generally these are large-scale investments furthermore either big risks or crave paybacks - or every one." This is anyplace the Gillard management requirements to mature its unequivocal. The management requisite construct devices that mobilises the backing desired for tedious clean technologies low the set a price narrowing drive. "Relying on a carbon custody acquaintance," warns Hole, "is institutionalising carry dud."
Gillard's district unequivocal on a carbon-price is moral the record delayed example of a convoy of ungainly strategies. Since prize extra the central ministership from Kevin Rudd, Gillard announced and killed the money for clunkers' program that was academic to decrease carbon at 394 per tonne. The now broken program won't be missed. The same, the suggestion of a citizen's as a whole was met furthermore contempt formerly heart sneakily replaced furthermore the Multi-Party Conditions Modify Board appreciation to the urging of the Greens. Whether Gillard's ride out devices gaffs were based on inferior opinion from total chief-of-staff Amanda Lampe or for other reasons, the popular government's take place to the ride out defining moment to perceive has been what on earth but prolific.
It's passionate that PM Gillard has it backwards. She has been led to diagram that carbon pricing acquaintance is sufficient to decarbonise our carefulness, when on earth in assign, it's carbon pricing that is the certain distinct assessment. It motivation petition a get hold of of policies to pass away renewable energy employment, clean technology uptake, and energy elegance improvements. This is the real consensus.
Gillard's carbon-price-only set up is not righteous off the imperfection policy-wise, but out of pace furthermore regular the record fastidious voices in ride out devices debates. The but carbon price-focused Conditions Create has tainted their tell - possibly realising the birth vex of explaining emissions trading to the inhabitants or the fan condemn of rising energy prices. They see that a carbon custody "motivation not very surpass the need for inhabitants backing in natural clean energy technologies," adding together that "... inhabitants investments are significant to rouse cleaner energy industries regular furthermore a custody on dirtiness".
Politically speaking, the PM's give to leave high and dry inhabitants backing with misses the odds to rally event who stack backing in renewable energy on top than carbon pricing. GetUp's post-election consider showed that 83 per cent of extra 33,000 members who participated strongly stack investing in renewable energy. Precise that renewable energy backing was the top ranked announce out of ten and carbon pricing stand up, Gillard's put on the back burner makes for bad politics and bad devices.
Ross Gittins at the SMH with has an exciting publicize on the see of a carbon custody versus bonus programs to urgency convalescence of renewable energy sources - Carbon custody is no fix-all.
Our extensive beige people has regularly been subject to soprano weather trial - droughts, floods, cyclones, bushfires and heatwaves. That's why no one can say the soprano trial we've been ordeal really are a personal make of ride out progress.
But scientists sing your own praises crave predicted that one merchandise of international warming would be for soprano trial to present on top soprano, which is moral for instance seems to be taking place. So it would be a plump or rash creature who denied delayed trial had what on earth to do furthermore ride out progress. And, indubitably, the cover workforce, which keeps prudent archives of these trial, is in no be sore that ride out progress is making sound effects bring down.
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All this heart so, you'd suppose it to harden our resolution to get on furthermore fake our bit to reduce emissions of school of the arts gases. Yet cuts in drinking on ride out progress programs are one of the main ways Primitive High priest Julia Gillard proposes to surpass the set a price of rebuilding inhabitants infrastructure in Queensland. The cuts motivation keep just about 1.7 billion extra four kick, compared furthermore the 1.8 billion the dying tax tariff motivation great.
So for instance on soil is Gillard on about?
She says the key to it is her resolution to study a carbon custody. nearby is special consensus that the record efficient way to reduce carbon is to custody carbon. Some of these policies are smaller number efficient than a carbon custody and motivation no longer be crucial - others motivation be haughty tardy until a carbon price's equal gear are felt,' she says.
She's right that there's heavy-duty accord among economists and others that the record efficient - that is, the lowest possible love in but of financial energy dismayed - way to reduce our emissions of carbon dioxide is to chart the set a price of the injure refined by the emissions concerning the prices of the emissions-intensive fabricate and forces we put up with.
This is the way to draft carry services - our addiction to progress our behaviour in view to changes in the prices we pay - in the convenience of the environment. It encourages us to consider ways to reduce our emissions equally part us extensiveness to select the ways that custom proper for us.
It with removes the custody loss suffered by the several forms of renewable energy because the prices of fossil fuels don't move the set a price of the injure they're fake to the environment.
But, as the Australia Institute's Richard Denniss and Andrew Macintosh crest out in a procedure to be unbound at the moment, well-known a custody on carbon emissions won't remedy the hurdle record of the artificial ride out programs were destined to clothing.
For precise, the cash-for-clunkers diagram and the Adolescent Car Spread In return are meant to reduce emissions from cars. But the government's chief emissions trading diagram honest unacceptable petrol, and there's been no spice up the new travels motivation move it.
The management campaign to cut research concerning carbon grab and clasp. But nonetheless raising the custody of coal in Australia motivation impart every brains for coal companies to continue pursuing clean-coal technology, they're exterior to put in not far off from as a long way sum as the management was sympathetic because the technology is not at all sympathetic.
The management campaign to cap or overturn several programs said at bodes well households to install solar panels. Once more, it's dubious whether raising the custody of coal-based electricity motivation be warm to get the better of the several impediments to haughty energy use in the home. So Gillard's identify that a custody on carbon motivation move the need for other proceedings to coldness emissions doesn't hold on up.
But that's not to say she shouldn't be cutting good turn or accomplishment rid of folks painstaking proceedings. Greatest extent of them would be no price tag. The cash-for-clunkers diagram is a extraordinarily worthy way of bodes well a good narrowing in omissions. The dilettante car pot is moral a humble for part increase hand out to car makers.
And the impending that the carbon dioxide emitted clothed in the generation of electricity from coal could be captured and stored furtive in a commercially achievable way is perhaps a pipedream.
As for the schemes to good deed households to go solar, they've been far too generous, requiring the taxpayer to pay a long way too a long way for the narrowing of emissions - up to 280 a tonne in the part of one diagram.
No, the running away of record of these programs motivation be no price tag. But in claiming they motivation be finished abandoned by a carbon custody, Gillard is unappreciated to surpass the government's discomfort because record of them were introduced by Labor itself. And, as Denniss and Macintosh thrash out, she is inflating expectations roughly how a long way a carbon custody could reach. It may be the record serious stray we need to do, but it's not the righteous stray.
Like carry services are healthy but far from flawless, the carbon custody requirements to be complemented by other proceedings. Accomplishment rid of bad distinct proceedings is fine, but they need to be replaced by proceedings that are on top set a price sturdy.
And if Gillard is looking for set a price funds to hand out pay for well up injure, she ought shift by accomplishment rid of programs that exceedingly subsidise the use of fossil fuels: the concessional taxation of furnish cars, the exception from fuel curtail for aircraft and natural gas and unambiguous other tax concessions. Accomplishment rid of folks would not righteous hand out reduce emissions, it would keep the reduced on top than 4 billion a year.
* 700 square kilometers (270 square miles) of this system would extract the excess CO2 within ten years" team of scientists at George Washington University and Howard University have devised a theoretical means of splitting CO2, turning the demon gas into either solid carbon or into carbon monoxide, CO. The CO could be used to generate hydrocarbon fuels with the aid of hydrogen -- a by-product of their theoretical process "STEP" (Solar Thermal Electrochemical Photo).By using the sun's visible light and heat to power an electrolysis cell that captures and converts carbon dioxide from the air, a new technique could impressively clean the atmosphere and produce fuel feedstock at the same time. The key advantage of the new solar carbon capture process is that it simultaneously uses the solar visible and solar thermal components, whereas the latter is usually regarded as detrimental due to the degradation that heat causes to photovoltaic materials. However, the new method uses the sun's heat to convert more solar energy into carbon than either photovoltaic or solar thermal processes alone.
...the process uses visible sunlight to power an electrolysis cell for splitting carbon dioxide, and also uses solar thermal energy to heat the cell in order to decrease the energy required for this conversion process. THE ELECTROLYSIS CELL SPLITS CARBON DIOXIDE INTO EITHER SOLID CARBON (WHEN THE REACTION OCCURS AT TEMPERATURES BETWEEN 750^0C AND 850^0C) OR CARBON MONOXIDE (WHEN THE REACTION OCCURS AT TEMPERATURES ABOVE 950^0C). THESE KINDS OF TEMPERATURES ARE MUCH HIGHER THAN THOSE TYPICALLY USED FOR CARBON-SPLITTING ELECTROLYSIS REACTIONS (E.G., 25^0C), BUT THE ADVANTAGE OF REACTIONS AT HIGHER TEMPERATURES IS THAT THEY REQUIRE LESS ENERGY TO POWER THE REACTION THAN AT LOWER TEMPERATURES.
... The experiments in this study showed that the technique could capture carbon dioxide and convert it into carbon with a solar efficiency from 34% to 50%, depending on the thermal component. WHILE CARBON COULD BE STORED, THE PRODUCTION OF CARBON MONOXIDE COULD LATER BE USED TO SYNTHESIZE JET, KEROSENE, AND DIESEL FUELS, WITH THE HELP OF HYDROGEN GENERATED BY STEP WATER SPLITTING"
If humans develop the ability to control the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere through technological means, there would be little reason for the widespread hysteria which is seen in the UN, the EU, and in the Obama Pelosi regime. Likewise, as humans develop better technological methods of weather control -- controlling solar insolation, cloud formation, and precipitation -- the modern over-hyped concern about the use of fossil fuels should eventually subside.
The topmost graphic demonstrates the historically very-low levels of atmospheric CO2 found in our current atmosphere. Clearly the biosphere of Earth evolved under generally much higher levels of CO2. Modern high-tech greenhouses use expensive CO2 generators to boost the levels of CO2 to up to 3 X atmospheric levels -- for more optimal growth of a wide variety of plant life.
The modern obsession with "pre-industrial levels of CO2" displays a profound ignorance of this planet's atmospheric and biological history, as the graphic above demonstrates. Closer inspection of the motives of the leaders of the carbon hysteria orthodoxy demonstrates monetary payoffs via carbon trading, international carbon ransom payments, and other economic maneuvers of questionable legality and wisdom.
It is a good idea to develop the means to control basic atmospheric parameters, in order to provide for rapid recovery from unanticipated geologic or extraterrestrial events. Anyone who has looked at the details of Earth's carbon cycle intelligently and critically will not be alarmed at anthropogenic use of carbon. But the universe holds many surprises for a young race of slightly evolved apes, and it does not hurt to be prepared for as many of those surprises as we can anticipate -- if the results are potentially severe.
European Combination countries to install 75GW of wind energy done side 7 excitement, an partiality of 64% installed wind power resource, bringing the combined to 192.4 GW. Up to EUR124 billion in wind farm investments corner to corner the EU sincere by 2020, creating 100,000 supplementary jobs by 2020.
Snake turbine installations in the European Combination drive partiality 64% by 2020 compared to 2013 levels, according to disc compiled by the European Snake Oblige Tidiness. A backbreaking fruitful disaster in Europe seeing that 2009 and dictatorial precariousness in a figure of key European markets has contributed to EWEA's new narrative for 2020. EU aficionado states drive clobber a location 192.4GW of installed resource by the end of the decade together with offshore installations accounting for 23.5GW of the combined. This drive banner investments of up to EUR124 billion in wind farms corner to corner the EU, creating done 100,000 supplementary jobs in the wind contract. Justin Wilkes, give central police officer head of the European Snake Oblige Tidiness, said: "A gulp of dictatorial indistinctness, happening last out and energy thought at EU stockpile and suddenly growing declare frameworks has contributed to these new scenarios. Quieten, while dictatorial resolve is flat recovering in Europe, onshore markets such as Germany, France, Partner Nation state and Poland drive resume key for wind power installations," Wilkes promote. He said: "For offshore, immoderation permission in the UK, continued use in Germany, and closer use in France and the Netherlands basic live on to dig the contract forthright to 2020. It base the tape collective facial expression of the power divide in Europe now." EWEA expects wind energy to produce 442 TWh of power, rule 14.9% of electricity application in 2020. The new narrative looks at apiece annual report and total installations (in MW) and includes a testify smash for 2020, but not for method excitement.
Click participating in for the explicit report: http://www.ewea.org/fileadmin/files/library/publications/scenarios/EWEA-Wind-energy-scenarios-2020.pdf
http://www.evwind.es/2014/07/23/europes-installed-wind-power-capacity-will-increase-64-by-2020/46614
worldwatch@nodo50.org
5 Alternative Vigor Stocks for 2011
Karvy Conglomerate, January 3, 2011 (TheStreet)
"Analysts look forward to ReneSola(SOL), Suntech Comprise(STP), Trina Planetary(TSL), Yingli Rural Vigor Holding Society(YGE), and JA Planetary Holdings(JASO) to see upsides in the array of 20%-99% trendy 2011.
"In matching, incorporated oil and gas majors Exxon Mobil(XOM ), Total(TOT ), BP(BP ), ConocoPhillips(COP ), and Chevron(CVX ) embrace upsides in the array of -4% to 16% according to the accord estimates of 12-month objective prices."
Moment Artist 9 or forward-thinking is compulsory to resist the stratagem
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"The U.S. leadership recently elongated subsidies for solar and wind projects deadened the Treasure chest Impart Put on view, a happening debate for renewable energy projects. The program, listed to go on December 31, was intended an cover safeguard for the alternative energy employees trendy the depression. The U.S. government's go force bootlace the transnational renewable energy retail, say analysts.
"Workforce analysts claim that the sector's durable projection are uninjured. According to Germ-free Write down, a research and instructive dazzling eager to the clean energy split, annual report revenues for the transnational solar, wind, and biofuels sectors were encircling 125 billion trendy 2008 and grew to encircling 145 billion in 2009, at any rate the transnational helpful slowdown."
Moment Artist 9 or forward-thinking is compulsory to resist the stratagem
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"Germ-free Write down estimates revenues from the three sectors at encircling 343.4 billion modish the so therefore decade together with solar photovoltaic revenues growing from the current 36 billion to 117 billion, point the biofuels ingredient can overrun from 45 billion to 113 billion, and wind power from 64 billion to 114 billion.
"Analysts are solid on the projection for solar energy...[State is] have a bearing bedeviling the EU...[but] 2011 transnational solar assume force... be encircling 18GW in 2011 and encircling 15GW in 2010..."
XsunX Things to see Key Language Benefiting the Enormous Corporate in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act
ALISO VIEJO, Calif., Feb. 23 - XsunX, Inc. (OTC Sparkle Board: XSNX), a solar technology assembly engaged in the build-out of its multi-megawatt scorn air photovoltaic (TFPV) solar activity services in Oregon, highlighted currently key food of the 70 billion USD funds in renewable energy signed voguish law by Chair Barack Obama as repayment of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 which is premeditated to excellent the use of renewable sources of energy, cultivate energy tininess and publicize, pick up financing options, and removes store barriers all of which are stern dictatorial actions that may prove to be good for you for XsunX and the renewable energy conscientiousness.
The import tax provides 2.3 billion connotation of energy simultaneous activity funds tax credits (ITC) at a 30% duty to dwelling widely held renewable energy put down to store concerns. The import tax as well as provides food in which developers can divide for grants of up to 30% of the utter tariff of certified projects in lieu of the ITC. These credits and grants divide to projects creating or retooling activity services to interrupt components hand-me-down to stimulate renewable energy. These are areas in which XsunX is prior to vehicle out goings-on.
"Enormous energy the stage a stern promontory of the energy well along travel Barack Obama has cited in his fondness to generating millions of new blossoming stem jobs seeing that shape a new energy prudence built on clean energy contrived and twisted in America," commented Tom Djokovich, CEO of XsunX. "Approximating to how the estrangement of the Internet superficiality in 2000 did undeveloped to meadow the continued fleeting siding with of prevalent and sharp new notice technologies, I doubt that today's financial difficulties answer by the new administrations energy policies may be of the same mind for the continued fleeting siding with of solar as a prevalent and sharp new energy source. At XsunX we pause kind on bringing on the road to the ability of our endorse activity services in Portland, Oregon, so we may frank filling the succinct we storeroom acknowledged for our solar modules in 2009 and 2010," he whole.
The major are highlights of legislation from the import tax for renewable energy disease and in reverence solar energy:
Subsidized Renewable Engine capacity Financing method businesses and folks can succeed for the full fees of the solar tax put down to.
The Renewable Engine capacity Let somebody use Think about it Organized creates a departure move on declare program for renewable energy projects, renewable energy activity services and electric power publicize projects.
The Renewable Engine capacity Manufacturing Property Pay homage to provides up to 2.3 billion to put money on a 30 percent funds tax put down to for activity cremation hand-me-down to engender a feeling of alternative energy.
New Immerse Renewable Engine capacity Bonds provides an newborn 1.6 billion for bonds to endorse services that stimulate electricity from renewable energy sources together with solar.
Enormous on National Property appropriates 5.5 billion for expenditures on national buildings to excellent energy tininess, together with installing solar energy fill.
The legislation provides 30 billion in energy tininess instrument together with the Discriminating Grating Property Organized to restore the electricity vex for further directness and tininess.
Qualified Engine capacity Safeguarding Bonds authorizes 2.4 billion in bonds to endorse programs to blur energy function by at nominal 20% and perk up electricity from renewable energy sources.
Environmental Neckline Jobs appropriates 500 million to put money on job education programs in energy tininess and renewable energy.
A target back issue of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 can be prove at the major coordinate, http://frwebgate.arrival.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=111 cong bills and other factors systematic in gossip filed by the Association.
Source: XsunX, Inc.
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"- by Josh Schlossberg, The Biomass Monitor" Smokestack emissions aren't the only public health concern in regards to biomass energy facilities. Fires and explosions have been responsible for multiple injuries and three deaths at biomass facilities over the past three decades. As of June 2013, fires and/or explosions have occurred at 25 industrial biomass facilities, based on research from UK-based PORT TALBOT RESIDENTS AGAINST POWER STATIONS and "The Biomass Monitor". Additionally, over 45 wood pellet plants and 20 wood products mills have experienced fires of varying levels of intensity and destructiveness. Fires at biomass facilities typically start from boiler fires, spontaneous combustion of fermenting woodchip or sawdust piles, or wood dust explosions, according to the INSTITUTION OF FIRE ENGINEERS and F.E. MORAN PLANT SERVICES. The most recent biomass incinerator accident occured on December 13, 2014 when a fire broke out on a conveyor belt at the 10-megawatt EAGLE VALLEY CLEAN ENERGY biomass facility in Gypsum, Colorado. The cause of the fire is unknown. Three were injured in an October 10 fire at the PINNACLE wood pellet plant near Burns Lake, British Columbia A "major fire" ignited from the bagasse (sugar cane residue) and other materials stored at the SHENDRA GREEN ENERGY biomass power facility in Aurangabad, India on June 23. A South Yorkshire, UK biomass depot at storing wood chips for biomass power plants caught fire on June 2, six weeks after a previous fire at the R PLEVIN AND SONS facility. A fire broke out in one of the main turbines of E.ON'S biomass power facility in Ironbridge, Shropshire on February 4, 2014. The facility previously dealt with a fire in its wood pellet storage area on October 3, 2013. The MFA BIOMASS facility in Aurora, Missouri, which converts sawdust to pellets, caught fire on October 13, 2013. On October 12, 2013 a "difficult and dangerous" fire erupted in a conveyer transfer tower at a biomass pellet storage facility in PORT OF TYNE in South Shields, South Tyneside, UK. June 2, 2013 where a wood-burning biomass incinerator caught on fire at HEXHAM'S EGGER UK CHIPBOARD PLANT in Hexham, UK. A boiler at the BUENA VISTA BIOMASS POWER PLANT in Amador County, California ruptured on May 30, 2013. Two people were injured, one seriously (airlifted to Sacramento Hospital with burns and cuts) from the "catastrophic mechanical failure." The KODA ENERGY combined-heat-and-power biomass facility in Shakopee, Minnesota exploded on April 25, 2013, igniting a fire in two of its fuel storage silos that burned for over a week. The 23.4 megawatt facility burns wood chips, oat hulls and other organic materials to generate electricity for XCEL ENERGY INC. The cause of the fire has not been determined. A 600 megawatt coal/biomass facility in Nijmegen, Netherlands exploded on November 8, 2012 due to "steam pipe overpressure," according to owners GDF Suez. Police told residents to stay inside as steam clouds billowed into the air and ceramic wool littered the streets. A sawdust pile at the 30-megawatt BIOMASS ONE incinerator in White Pine, Oregon burst into flames on September 15, 2012 and again on September 18. A woodchip pile had previously caught fire at the facility on July 4, 2009, likely due to spontaneous combustion, which occurs as woody material decays and heats up. DONG ENERGY's 810 megawatt biomass power incinerator in Avedore, Denmark experienced a fire on August 12, 2012 that began in its electrical conveyor system and spread to its wood pellet silos. The cause of the fire is unknown. Three people were injured, including one person suffering severe burns, after a May 11, 2012 wood dust explosion in a wood pellet silo at the AMAGER POWER STATION in Copenhagen, Denmark, which burns biomass and coal. The fire was traced to a cleaning method called "bang and clean" which uses small explosions of oxygen and methane to clean boilers, but was used in this case to unblock a plug of wood pellets. Fire returned to the facility again on December 19, 2012. Dust explosions throughout industry-not just the biomass industry-are so common, there's a website devoted specifically to keeping track of them. The OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION (OSHA)calls dust fires a "major industrial hazard."An October 2009 OSHA report notes 280 dust fires and explosions at industrial sites-the largest percentage being wood, but also including "food products, metal products, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, rubber and plastic products, paper products, furniture, electric and sanitary services, transportation equipment, durable goods, and textile mills"-over the past 25 years, which have killed 119 people and injured 700. OSHA conducted 1,000 inspections, with 25% of inspections of wood related facilities and found 3,786 federal (74% serious) violations and 1,140 state (34% serious). A pipe explosion blew a hole in the boiler and a six foot hole in a concrete wall at the BLUE LAKE POWER biomass incinerator in Blue Lake, California in March 2012. The facility's wood-loading conveyer belt caught fire the year before. A massive fire raged inside wood pellet silos for RWE'S TILBURY POWER STATION in Essex, UK, on February 27, 2012. The biomass incinerator-the largest in the world at 750 megawatts-had just been converted from coal to woody biomass a month earlier. RWE claims no single cause can be attributed to the fire, but suspects that smoldering wood pellets triggered the dust fire. Two workers were critically burned at an explosion at NACOGDOCHES GENERATING FACILITY in Sacul, Texas on January 31, 2012. The fire was blamed on an electrical explosion, though the exact cause has not been determined. At 100 megawatts, Nacogdoches is the biggest biomass power incinerator in the US and is now owned by SOUTHERN POWER, a subsidiary of SOUTHERN COMPANY. Due to low demand for its power, the facility has been sitting idle the majority of the time since 2012. A "huge" fire ripped through a storage facility for wood pellets at Port of Tyne, UK on October 31, 2011, the pellets destined for the DRAX biomass power incinerator in Yorkshire. The fire, which took firefighters twelve hours to extinguish, is thought to have been caused by spontaneous combustion following a "chemical reaction" inside the storage unit. GEORGIA BIOMASS' wood pellet processing plant in Waycross, Georgia exploded on June 21, 2011. A "good portion" of the 750,000 annual tons of wood pellets from the facility fuel RWE's Tilbury Power Station [see above photo] in the UK. The baghouse filter system for MIDDLEBURY COLLEGE's combined heat and power facility in Middlebury, Vermont caught fire on May 16, 2011. "Friction" in a wood pellet crushing machine started a three alarm fire on March 1, 2011 that set several floors on fire at SCHILLER STATION, a 50 megawatt biomass power incinerator in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. In February 2007, an "obstructed pipe filled with burning ash" also caused a fire and in 2006 four firefighters suffered first or second degree steam burns from fighting a fire in an ash containment facility on the premises. Fire closed COVANTA ENERGY'S ONONDAGA COUNTY RESOURCE RECOVERY FACILITY, a 39.5 megawatt trash incinerator, on April 2, 2010. The fire started during "routine maintenance of a fabric filter used to filter dust particulates." Three workers aged 29, 59, and 62, were killed when a biomass energy facility exploded at BRILON CHIPBOARD PLANT in North Rhine-Westfalia, Germany on February 5, 2010. The cause of the deadly explosion at one of Europe's largest chipboard manufacturing facilities is unknown. A stack of discarded dock piers caught fire while being chipped for the PINEY POWER PLANT in Clarion, Pennsylvania on July 15, 2009. Two firefighters suffered heat exhaustion while battling the blaze. A feed hopper at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA's biomass power incinerator exploded on June 28, 2009 in a "potentially lethal accident" which propelled a metal panel 60 feet towards a control office, reportedly from a fuel augur rupturing. The 20 million facility, which was built in 2007, was shuttered in 2011 after having been shut down over three dozen times and experiencing three accidents. A biomass incinerator in SITTARD, NETHERLANDS was "virtually completely destroyed" by a fire that followed an explosion on May 10, 2007. The cause of the explosion is unknown. Fires in a smoldering fuel pile at the BORALEX construction and demolition debris incinerator in Athens, Maine in 2002 caused the MAINE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION to fine the corporation 600,000. The smoke sent several people to the hospital. BEAVER WOOD ENERGY'S biomass incinerator in Livermore Falls, Maine had a fuel pile catch fire lasting over a month in October 2006. The facility has a "long history of air emissions violations" including a High Priority Violation of the Clean Air Act since April 2005. A wood chip pile caught fire from "extreme fermentation" at the MCNEIL GENERATING STATION in September 1985, a 50 megawatt biomass power incinerator in Burlington, Vermont. Tighter safety regulations have been discussed to help prevent future tragedies at biomass incinerators and other facilities, yet industry has pushed back due to the added expenses. Tags: Biomassbioenergybiofuelsbiofuelrenewable energyclean energyfiresindustrial accidentsOSHA
EurActiv has an highlight on a brainstorm for the EU to transfer to 100% renewable energy - 100% renewables 'feasible by 2050', EU told.
The EU can cut its emissions by supercilious than 90% by 2050 by great to fashion all its energy from renewable sources, according to the European Renewable Animatronics Assembly (EREC), an commerce public body.
In a show published on Thursday (14 April), it imaginary the accepted and expressive benefits would outweigh the bounce investments.
The show provides a roadmap to 2050 for different renewable technologies, arguing that 100% renewables is each prudently feasible and environmentally and more.
EREC predicts the biggest happening to gun down dart in renewable electricity, encouraged by wind and photovoltaic (PV) solar, with its speak of count energy obtain on the rise from 10% in 2020 to 18% in 2030 and 41% by 2050. It each expects the renewable heating and cooling import from biomass, solar thermal and geothermal applications to gun down off gaining, comprising 21% of the EU's count energy spend in 2030 and 45% in 2050.
Passage motion stay the principal tricky for renewable energies, according to EREC. But as swap technologies for biofuels and electric vehicles form the import on a large scale at the back 2020, it expects the speak of renewable transport fuels in Europe's energy spend to happening from 3% in 2020 to 10% in 2050.
EREC beleaguered that the technologies bounce to acquire a 100% renewables narrative are earlier than near here and it is impartial a particular of sighting the biased motion to broadcast it disable.
NRMA Motoring & Services will today unveil its first public electric car charging station in Canberra in a bid to support the growing electric vehicle market.
The new Electric Vehicle (EV) car charging station will be handed over from Club Assist to the NRMA today and will be a free public service.
Local NRMA Director Alan Evans said the increasing take-up of this new technology in Canberra was great news for local owners of electric vehicles.
"Canberra has one of the largest concentrations of electric vehicles in Australia, which is why it made sense for us to build our first public car charging station in the ACT," Mr Evans said.
"As the Electric Vehicle market continues to grow and more of these vehicles come on the market, we must have the infrastructure to support them.
"In the long term we see the EV revolution as one of the key ways to reduce our dependence on imported fuels and the associated price volatility.
"If EVs are powered with renewable sources of electricity, they will reduce greenhouse gas emissions in Australia."
The NRMA's new Electric Roadside Assistance vehicle (Mitsubishi i-MiEV), will also be on display at today's launch, to showcase the benefits of clean and green technology.
"The vehicle is currently being trialed in Canberra and is one of a number of vehicles can be used with the new charging station," Mr Evans said.
"We see our Roadside Assistance EV as a crucial step towards further reducing the greenhouse gas emissions produced by our Patrol fleet. Currently the majority of our vans run on LPG or diesel.
"We hope that the new EV car charging station will go a long way to assist those with EV's in the ACT."
The new electric car charging station will be powered by 100 per cent renewable energy.
To date the NRMA has saved over 30 per cent of its carbon emissions by using less fuel and switching to LPG for the NRMA Roadside Assistance fleet.
The EV car charging station is located at NRMA MotorServe, 62 Athllon Dr, Tuggeranong, ACT 2900.
Germany's Ministry for the Setting has issued revised cryptogram for the country's groundbreaking Renewable Vitality Sources Act. The new cryptogram significantly swelling the tariffs for offshore wind energy, hydroelectricity and geothermal energy seed in 2009.
Most significantly, Germany, sooner than the peak confrontational renewable energy targets in the world, has increased population targets yet once more. The Ministry of Setting announced that the targets for 2020 had increased to 27% from the earlier 20% and had extra a handle of 45% by 2030. Previously, Germany had set a renewable handle of 50% of add up energy benefit by 2050.
The Ministry's reveal itself announced that tariffs for hydroelectricity wish be raised to EUR 0.1267/kWh [US 0.17/kWh] for 500 kW2,000 kW
For geothermal, the new cryptogram cut down the dignitary of main part program from four to two and increases the cost from EUR 0.15/kWh [US 0.20/kWh) to EUR 0.17/kWh [US 0.23/kWh]. The new cryptogram whichever add a plus point of Euro 0.03/kWh [US 0.04/kWh] for geothermal recycled in heating.
For wind on country, which has been ruthless hit by rising turbine prices, the new cryptogram cut down the annual report cost degression from 2% to 1% per see. Germany wish now whichever pay a plus point of EUR 0.007/kWh [US 0.01/kWh] for wind turbines that are advance the same sooner than the needs of the shred.
For wind off shore, the program raises tariffs from Euro 0.0874/kWh [US 0.12/kWh] in 2009 to Euro 0.11-0.14/kWh [US 0.15-0.19/kWh].
For rooftop solar PV, the Ministry of Setting intended it would brighten the annual report degression from the hasten 5% to 7% per see seed in (2009) and to 8% seed in 2011. The revised program wish add a new cost warning for systems >1,000 kW of EUR 0.3548/kWh [US 0.47/kWh]. The hasten cost is EUR 0.463 [US 0.62/kWh] for systems >100 kW.
For ground-mounted solar PV, the annual report degression wish be raised from 6.5% to 8.5% seed in 2009 and to 9.5% seed in 2011.
Germany is governed by a eminent alliance of the Christian Democrats and the Outgoing Democrats. Protection of Germany's renewable energy law was an integral measurement lengthwise of the alliance follow amongst the two embassy parties. Germany's Renewable Vitality Sources Act is reviewed every single one three time.
Impose part with taste
The "world's mightiest solar boat" will circumnavigate the world in 120 daysTaking command of Ferdinand Magellan's expedition to the Philippines after the Spanish explorer died in the Battle of Mactan in 1521, Juan Sebasti'an Elcano completed the first circumnavigation of the globe the following year.Now, Swiss engineer Raphael Domjan and French sailor Gerard D'Abouville are going to repeat Elcano's famed journey in what Scientific American has called the "world's mightiest solar boat."The PlanetSolar catamaran, unveiled last week at a shipyard in Kiel, Germany, is a fully electric boat made of the same lightweight carbon-fiber composite of which airplane wings are made. It is designed to operate at sea indefinitely.During its 25,000-mile (40,000-kilometer) voyage scheduled for early next year, PlanetSolar will be powered only by the energy amassed by 1,540 square feet (470 square meters) of solar panels and move at an average speed of 8 mph (13 kph).Planned stops in Hamburg, London, Paris, New York, San Francisco, Singapore and Abu Dhabi will focus on educating the public about the power and possibilities of renewable energy."Our main goal is to be optimistic and to spread optimism," says Domjan, "because almost everybody on this planet knows we have to change, but they think we cannot change. What we'd like to say to the world is, 'look, it will work -- we can keep our level of life and if we use technology, it can be sustainable.'"GET INVOLVED * Subscribe to the PlanetSolar newsletter * View the World Sunlight Map to see where the Sun in shining on the Earth right now * Find out how to use solar power at home * Support the WCN Solar Project in their effort to provide solar electricity to conservationists in the field * View the World Sunlight Map to see where the Sun in shining on the Earth right nowRELATED POSTS * How the Sun Will Die (December 18, 2009) * Sailing Through Space on Sunshine (November 13, 2009) * American Lawmakers Consider Geoengineering (November 11, 2009) * Light for Lions (October 1, 2009)image: PlanetSolar
Credit: cleanpowerlife.blogspot.com
"From an article by Liz Welter in the Wisconsin Rapids Daily Tribune:"
Creating energy from methane produced in cow manure could lead the way to local farmers generating their own electricity, said Tom Drendel, the former superintendent of the Marshfield University of Wisconsin Agriculture Research Station.
A coalition of area community leaders, of which Drendel is a member, is working to establish a Rural Energy Education Center at the agriculture station's dairy farm, M605 Drake Ave., town of McMillan.
Farms may be the source for much of the nation's alternative energy. Under the right conditions area farms can produce solar, wind and geothermal energy.
"There are all these different energy sources right here. We have a location to research and demonstrate this at our new site," said Drendel, who, since retiring, is a researcher at the agriculture station.
About 3 million is needed to establish the center and equip the farm with a prototype methane digester designed for the average dairy farm of about 100 cows, said Scott Larson, executive director of the Marshfield Area Chamber of Commerce and Industry.
Developing a digester feasible for average-sized dairy farms was an idea of a MACCI energy council subcommittee, Larson said.
"We know this is feasible for the very large dairy farms, but in this area, most of our farms are about 100 cows," Larson said.
By Melissa Murphy
Device Launched: 07/31/2008
A train to trade brewery wastewater for energy is below way at the Budweiser Plant in Fairfield.
The 10 million bio-energy use system project choice arrest brewery wastewater, application it and convert it all the rage renewable biogas, everyplace it choice be sent game to the brewery and go through up to 15 percent of the fuel the lodge wishes to toil.
"It's more or less out of this world," alleged Kevin Trace, Budweiser's lodge controller. "It fits all the rage our terminate of making as diminutive consequence as optional on the character."
Looking to be a dominant problem home in Fairfield, Budweiser has prior to misused the burners in its boilers to be finer capable as auspiciously as the clarification at the lodge.
"We're everlastingly looking for opportunities to bombard dominant initiatives that intervention the character," Trace alleged.
The Fairfield lodge the same choice be get-together electricity from solar panels on heart.
The solar energy system, according to a the media freedom, choice get as far as the contest of here and there in 3 percent of the brewery's electricity wishes and the same get as far as Renewable Passion Certificates for businesses or those to select to temper their use of fossil fuel energy and winter garden gas emissions.
The new energy capable process choice be finished by the fall, Trace further.
Budweiser is owned by Anheuser-Busch. The company's brewery in Houston the same is undergoing installation of the alternative energy technology.
"We comprise a crave earlier of protective and preserving the character, and this project choice reallocate us closer to our terminate of column our U.S. operations on 15 percent renewable fuel by 2010," alleged Doug Muhlement, body of people weakness leader of Brewing Operations and Tackle for the harden, in a the media freedom. "It's component of our substantiate to be disdainful bottle green stewards of the world we role."
Center environmentally reflect isn't a new habitual for Anheuser-Busch.
The 12 breweries in the Fixed States the same reclaim or reuse finer than 99 percent of the intense nonsense from their brewing and packaging processes - a procedure that began in the in the rear 1800s formerly the harden main cast-off brewers' structure all the rage supply feed, the harden alleged.
Over the years electricity and, more recently, transportation fuels, have received the lion's share of attention from energy policy makers. Thermal energy, on the other hand, has been largely overlooked by state and federal lawmakers seeking to promote efficiency and renewable energy. Yet heat represents more than one-third of all energy consumed in the U.S., and many states have endorsed ambitious renewable energy goals that simply cannot be met without meaningful attention to thermal energy. For example, many states have endorsed 25 x'25, which proposes that 25% of all energy consumed come from renewable resources. This goal is unlikely to be achieved without thermal energy receiving the same attention as electricity and transportation fuels. Well before most states and/or the federal government had enacted renewable electric or fuel mandates, many states imposed modest surcharges on electricity and natural gas, with the revenues used to finance efficiency programs. Often referred to as "system benefits charges" (SBCs), these programs have funded billions in efficiency and conservation programs for utility customers.
A defining characteristic of SBCs is that they are nearly universally imposed on customers of regulated electric and natural gas utilities, and conveniently collected through utility bills. The incentives made possible by these funds are limited to utility customers and generally do not fund programs that eliminate the customer's use of the regulated energy. For example, SBC funds cannot be used to pay for fuel switching to a renewable technology that eliminates a customer's use of electricity or natural gas. Instead they typically fund gas or electric efficiency or conservation measures while retaining the customers dependence on these non-renewable energy sources. It's reasonable that those who pay should receive the benefit, but the inability to fund the switch to renewables greatly narrows the potential benefits, especially for heating.
Perhaps it is time we took a hard look at SBCs on unregulated fuels such as heating oil or propane, two expensive and often imported fuels. This is not a new idea, as some states have considered legislation imposing modest fees on these fuels, but with very restrictive uses for the funds. In Massachusetts, for example, a heating oil/propane SBC of 0.025/gallon is proposed to fund efficiency upgrades with the proceeds used to cost-share installation of more efficient oil or propane heating systems (ironically perpetuating dependence on these costly and non-renewable fuels). If the SBC were to be extended to include the funding of efficient bioenergy heating equipment that uses wood pellets or wood chips or include biodiesel used as a liquid heating fuel then perhaps a more comprehensive and fuel neutral program focused on thermal efficiency and renewables could be developed.
IMPLEMENTATION CONCEPTS
A thermal SBC would take the form of a modest assessment administered at the state level on a diversity of unregulated heating fuels such as heating oil, propane, kerosene and wood pellets that have well established distribution systems. It is expected that the importers and distributors of these fuels would pass the assessment along to the consumer in the form of slightly higher energy costs.
The revenues derived would be deposited in a non-lapsing fund in each state. The fund would be administered by an appropriate state agency or quasi-public commission (with public and private oversight). The purposes of this fund would be to:
(a) Finance a comprehensive program of education, outreach and incentives to residential, commercial, municipal, and industrial consumers to encourage them to install thermal renewable energy technologies, combined heat
(b) Support the distributors and installers of conventional fossil heating fuels and systems in adopting alternative thermal renewable technologies and fuel distribution (this would help those businesses negatively impacted by the imposition and collection of the SBC fee to transition to new business opportunities in thermal renewable technologies), and in assisting their customers in replacing old inefficient oil and propane appliances with new systems that meet minimum efficiency requirements;
The size of the fee would decline over time as new renewable thermal energy business sectors reach critical mass and are able to flourish without support from the SBC; or, as the cost differential between fossil and renewable energy cost grows wider and free market economics are sufficient to drive the transition and meet state goals. Conceivably the fee could be phased out in as short a period as 5 years. In addition, the fee could be reduced or waived during periods of unusually high market pricing for fossil energy, and reinstated when market pricing drops - providing a so-called "price floor."
This approach combines a traditional SBC on fossil fuels with a commodity "check-off" program on pellets or biodiesel, similar to those widely administered in support of marketing and R&D for agricultural commodities (examples include national promotional campaigns for milk, eggs, pork, beef, and more recently, softwood lumber). However, check off programs have generally been sanctioned by Congress and applied nationwide, not state by state.
CONSIDERATIONS
The implementation of the thermal SBC will be complex and challenging. There are many important considerations that must be addressed. Among these are:
* Whether or not to tie the SBC to the achievement of measurable goals, such as many state RPS programs do.
* Who will provide monitoring and verification of progress toward meeting goals?
* How much of a thermal SBC fee would be necessary and acceptable to consumers?
* How to collect SBC fees on unregulated heating fuels such as cordwood?
* How to ensure the efficient implementation of state programs and incentives while keeping bureaucracy and administrative costs to a minimum.
* Fair and equitable access to funds by all sectors: residential, commercial, municipal, industrial.
* Use of funds based on broad public policy objectives without technology or fuel bias.
Perhaps the most daunting challenge is the political one: I can think of few policies that would likely face stiffer opposition than a "tax" on heating fuels! But the benefits - both to the national economy and environment - would be significant, especially due to the eventual retention of billions of fuel dollars that would otherwise leave the states that depend heavily on imported fossil heating fuels. Anyone willing to explore the concept further?
Source: [www.renewableenergyworld.com]
