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There are two particularly egregious arguments against solar power: it does not work in certain areas because of weather and it costs too much. But as we saw at Intersolar in San Francisco earlier this month, the industry's continuous innovation is helping to blow these false perceptions out of the water. As you can see from the map below, the sunniest regions in the United States are in the Southwest, Southeast and islands like Hawaii and Puerto Rico. The Southwest is on the path to meet its solar potential with California, Arizona, New Mexico and Colorado among the top five states for solar PV capacity, according to the U.S. Solar Market Insight. But America's other sunny regions lag behind.
Florida, Hawaii and Puerto Rico each ranks outside the top 10 states in PV capacity, behind less sunny Northeast states such as New Jersey and Massachusetts. But what the Northeast lacks in sunshine, these states make up for in policy, incentives and rebates, which all play a large role in steering adoption rates by making solar more economical. New Jersey and Massachusetts have thrust themselves into solar capacity leadership positions because solar renewable energy credits (SRECs) have driven the market and created a significant upswing in demand by improving solar return on investment.
Though solar is surviving the snow and hail in the Northeast, consumers and policymakers in the Southeast and the islands continue to hold onto a false perception that solar technology is not reliable under harsh weather conditions. They're wrong - solar is tougher than they think. We all know that Florida, Hawaii and Puerto Rico can be subject to hurricanes and high winds, as you can see in the hurricane map below. But we need to make it clear to skeptics in those states that leading solar companies are addressing those concerns with well-designed products and services.
THE WINDS HAVE CHANGED
Through innovative engineering, the solar industry has developed a solution that can overcome policy and weather - PV solar trackers. A single-axis tracker is an automated tracking system that aligns the solar panels with the sun throughout the day. By following the sun, the system can produce up to 25 percent more solar energy than the traditional fixed-tilt system, which sits at one angle throughout the day.
For example, a 1-MW DC system in Southern California can generate an additional 428,000 in revenue per year by using a tracking system versus a fixed tilt system. A tracker over a fixed-tilt system can be that critical push to optimize solar financing mechanisms. Trackers capable of withstanding harsh environments can bring those advantageous economics to new markets. Today, consumers are already benefiting from solar tracking systems from the snow caps of the Sierra Nevada to the barren deserts of Death Valley.
TRACKER PROVEN FOR ALL WEATHER CONDITIONS
Take for example a 1 MW DC project in Mammoth Lakes, Calif., located on the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada at an elevation of roughly 8,000 feet above sea level. Mammoth Lakes Community Water District is producing 20 percent more solar energy by going with a single-axis tracking system over a fixed tilt system. This means the over 2,000,000 kWh produced offsets up to 80 percent of annual electricity demands of the treatment plant, stabilizing future energy costs.
From the peaks of the Sierra Nevada to 242 feet below sea level, Death Valley is a region known for its extreme diurnal temperatures and stark desert conditions. Xanterra Parks and Resorts selected a single axis tracker for their 1 MW DC system at Furnace Creek Inn and Ranch Resort, located in Death Valley National Park. The tracking system is producing 21 percent more solar than a fixed tilt, amounting to nearly 2,500,000 kWh annually and reducing the electricity usage of the entire property by up to 60 percent.
Trackers are a proven, reliable technology that puts to rest the myth that solar cannot weather harsh conditions.
O&M STRATEGY ENSURES LONG TERM RELIABILITY
Engineering a tough product for extreme weather conditions is a big part of the equation. But to further eliminate any doubts about solar's ability to operate in all weather conditions, it is important to have a proactive operations and maintenance (O&M) strategy. Companies that engineer, design and build solar projects can have a distinct advantage at providing O&M on those projects. In many cases, they can recommend the best steps for preventative maintenance specifically for the weather conditions for which the project was designed. And because they designed the system, they can often find, diagnose and fix the problem more quickly. And for those who have survived blizzards in the Northeast and hurricanes in the Southeast, you understand the importance of getting your power up and running quickly.
In the end, any power source can be impacted by storms. But PV solar providers have a distinct advantage in being able to look at a region's specific needs first and design a solution that will cost less over its lifetime, deliver more energy, and is built to last.
Source: [www.renewableenergyworld.com]
Not bad but 4% compares to 12% and a long promised 20% in established solar cellswell enough to feel some confidence that market can be found.
Work has been underway on this concept for a long time and not surprisingly as anyone can spot the need and opportunity.
Solar energy is even getting cheap enough to be economically justifiable. Now the effort to make it really convenient and inevitable begins. It has been a long haul with improvements measured in microns rather than steps.
I have been following serious efforts in the industry beginning in the late seventies and have only seen one winning strategy at all. That is to simply make it cheaper. Even then secondary costs will bite. Thus it has been an economically difficult industry for all this time because the value case for the end user is not that compelling.
"HOW YOUR WINDOWS COULD BE THE FUTURE OF ELECTRICITY: SCIENTISTS CREATE TRANSPARENT SOLAR PANELS OUT OF 'GLASS-LIKE' PLASTIC"
"One of the occasional complaints around solar panels is that they are 'an eyesore'."
"Well this may be about to change, after researchers developed a new transparent solar cell which means windows in homes and other buildings can have the ability to generate electricity while still allowing people to see outside."
"The University of California, Los Angeles team describes a new kind of polymer solar cell (PSC) that produces energy by absorbing mainly infrared light, making the cells nearly 70 per cent transparent to the human eye."
"They made the device from a photo-active plastic that converts infrared light into an electrical current. Power you can see through: The UCLA team have made solar panels that are almost transparent"
"'These results open the potential for visibly transparent polymer solar cells as add-on components of portable electronics, smart windows and building-integrated photovoltaics and in other applications,' said study leader Yang Yang, a UCLA professor of materials science and engineering."
"Yang added that there has been intense world-wide interest in so-called polymer solar cells."
"'Our new PSCs are made from plastic-like materials and are lightweight and flexible,' he said. 'More importantly, they can be produced in high volume at low cost.'"
Polymer solar cells have attracted great attention due to their advantages over competing solar cell technologies.
"Scientists have also been intensely investigating PSCs for their potential in making unique advances for broader applications. Several such applications would be enabled by high-performance visibly transparent photovoltaic (PV) devices, including building-integrated photovoltaics and integrated PV chargers for portable electronics."
"Previously, many attempts have been made toward demonstrating visibly transparent or semitransparent PSCs."
"However, these demonstrations often result in low visible light transparency and/or low device efficiency because suitable polymeric PV materials and efficient transparent conductors were not well deployed in device design and fabrication."
A team of UCLA researchers from the California NanoSystems Institute, the UCLA Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science and UCLA's Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry have demonstrated high-performance, solution-processed, visibly transparent polymer solar cells through the incorporation of near-infrared light-sensitive polymer and using silver nanowire composite films as the top transparent electrode.
"The near-infrared photoactive polymer absorbs more near-infrared light but is less sensitive to visible light, balancing solar cell performance and transparency in the visible wavelength region."
Another breakthrough is the transparent conductor made of a mixture of silver nanowire and titanium dioxide nanoparticles, which was able to replace the opaque metal electrode used in the past. This composite electrode also allows the solar cells to be fabricated economically by solution processing.
"With this combination, 4 per cent power-conversion efficiency for solution-processed and visibly transparent polymer solar cells has been achieved."
"'We are excited by this new invention on transparent solar cells, which applied our recent advances in transparent conducting windows (also published in ACS Nano) to fabricate these devices,' said Paul S.Weiss, CNSI director and Fred Kavli Chair in NanoSystems Sciences."
Source: [www.dailymail.co.uk]
Renewable Move - NYSERDA - New York Colony Move - NYSERDA invests in renewable energy downstairs programs that amount bear out to promising businesses for product and business development, product promotion bear out
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The Original Remain standing is Located Here: Wind Move Developed Encourage
Here is a very brief and basic look at a few of the many problems with big wind energy, by Paul Driessen:
"Energy 101": It is impossible to have wind turbines without fossil fuels, especially natural gas. Turbines average only 30 percent of their "rated capacity," and less than 5 percent on the hottest and coldest days, when electricity is needed most. Hydrocarbon-fired backup generators must run constantly, to avoid brownouts, blackouts and grid destabilization owing to constant surges and fall-offs in electricity to the grid.
"Energy 201":Despite tens of billions in subsidies, wind turbines still generate less than 3 percent of U.S. electricity. Thankfully, conventional sources keep our country running - and America still has centuries of hydrocarbon resources, if only our government would make them available.
"Economics 101":It is impossible to have wind turbines without perpetual subsidies - mostly borrowed from Chinese banks and future generations. There is no credible evidence that wind will be able to compete economically with traditional energy in the foreseeable future, especially with abundant natural gas costing one-fourth what it did just a few years ago. It makes more sense to rely on the plentiful, reliable, affordable electricity sources that have powered our economy for decades, build more coal and gas-fired generators - and recycle wind turbines into useful products (while preserving a few as museum exhibits).
"Economics 201":As Spain, Germany, Britain and other countries have learned, wind-energy mandates and subsidies drive up the price of electricity - for families, factories, hospitals, schools, offices, churches and shops. That means two to four traditional jobs are lost for every wind or other "green" job created. It means the 37,000 jobs that the AWEA claims the U.S. wind industry creates (via 5 billion to 10 billion in combined annual subsidies, or 135,000 to 270,000 per wind job) are likely costing the United States 74,000 to 148,000 traditional jobs every year.
"Environment 101":Industrial wind-turbine projects require enormous quantities of rare-earth metals, concrete, steel, copper, fiberglass and other raw materials; for highly inefficient turbines, multiple backup generators and thousands of miles of high-voltage transmission lines. Extracting and processing these materials, turning them into finished components, and shipping and installing the turbines and power lines involve enormous amounts of fossil fuel and extensive environmental damage.
"Environment 201":Wind turbines, transmission lines and backup generators also require vast amounts of crop, scenic and wildlife habitat land. A typical 600-megawatt coal or gas-fired power plant requires 250 to 750 acres, to generate power 90 percent to 95 percent of the year; a 600-megawatt wind installation needs 40,000 to 50,000 acres (or more), to deliver 30 percent performance. Because wind installations must go where the wind blows, hundreds of miles from our cities - transmission lines add thousands more acres to every project.
"Environment 301":U.S. wind turbines slaughter nearly half a million eagles, hawks, falcons, vultures, ducks, geese, bats and other rare, threatened, endangered and otherwise protected flying creatures every year. But while oil companies are prosecuted for the deaths of even a dozen common ducks, turbine operators have effectively been granted a "007 license to kill" exemption from endangered- and migratory-species laws and penalties.
"Environment 401":Even if carbon dioxide does contribute to climate change, there is no evidence that even thousands of U.S. wind turbines will affect future global temperatures by more than a few hundredths of a degree. Carbon-dioxide emissions from backup generators (and wind-turbine manufacturing) offset any reductions from wind installations, and rapidly increasing emissions from Brazil, China, India, Indonesia and other developing countries dwarf any possible U.S. wind-related CO2 reductions.
"Human Health and Welfare 101": Skyrocketing electricity prices owing to "renewable portfolio standards" raise heating and air-conditioning costs; drive families into fuel poverty; increase food, medical, school and other costs; and force companies to lay off workers, further impairing their families' health and welfare. Audible and inaudible turbine noise causes fatigue, headaches, dizziness, irritability, sleep problems and vibro-acoustic effects on people's hearts and lungs. Landowners receive royalties for having turbines on their property, but neighbors receive no income and face adverse health effects, decreased property values and difficulty selling their homes.
"Real World Civics 101": Politicians take billions from taxpayers, ratepayers and profitable businesses to provide subsidies to Big Wind companies, who buy turbines mostly made overseas - and contribute millions to the politicians' re-election campaigns, to keep the cycle going.
It is truly government gone wild and is unsustainable.
Huge resources across the western world are being devoted to this destructive and ultimately futile attempt to provide "clean energy." We should skip the euphemisms and call it what it is: energy starvation of a most expensive and wasteful kind.
Credit: [Paul Driessen]
* The GS 450h, the new generation hybrid version of the Lexus GS 350 looks like it's going to deliver an EPA-rated 31 mpg. This is a 35% improvement over the previous generation, and of course, a complete yawnfest. I get that this is about luxury and not necessarily fuel economy, but I'd happily take a Tesla Model S over a 31-mpg Lexus any day of the week. You can get a Tesla Model S for about 58,000 "before" the 7,500 tax credit. The 2013 Lexus GS 450h is priced at around 59,000. If I'm dropping 60k on a car, you have to at least give me the same fuel economy as a 50 mpg Prius. The Tesla Model S, by the way, delivers about 160 miles on a single charge. With that, I'd never have to pull into a gas station again. Unless maybe I wanted to grab a candy bar or bag of chips.
* It was once the world's largest maker of solar cells. But around 2009, Q-Cells reluctantly handed over that title to a handful of low-cost suppliers from China. And today we learn that South Korea's Hanwha Corp (NASDAQ:HSOL) is looking to buy the now insolvent German group. Of course, this comes as no surprise to those of you who are regular readers of these pages. We've been preaching about, and watching unfold, the continued consolidation of the solar industry. We expect to see more of this throughout the rest of this year and well into 2013 and beyond. We believe that by 2015, there will be fewer than a dozen major solar players operating globally. For now, we continue to watch everything play out from the sidelines.
Credit: [Jeff Siegel]
Source: [www.altenergystocks.com]
Compare the hierarchical network on the left with the widely distributed flat network on the right. It should be obvious that the flat network is more resilient to the loss of any particular node than is the hierarchical network -- which can be rendered disconnected by the removal of the one central node! Consider the vulnerability of the US petroleum industry created by its central focus on Gulf of Mexico ports and refineries. Every year during hurricane season, the nation holds its breath, hoping its petro-refinery infrastructure will not be damaged.
A national biomass network should resemble the widely distributed flat network on the right, more than the hierarchical network. Biomass can be grown almost everywhere, and can be densified by fast pyrolysis units, which are simple and inexpensive enough to be located close to where the biomass is aggregated. Pyrolysis oils can be cheaply shipped to the central nodes -- gasifiers and refineries (F-T etc) -- which will become inexpensive enough to be located near both medium and large population centers.
Biomass crops with ever-larger yields are being developed each year. Crops such as Giant King Grass can be harvested up to 4 times a year with yields up to 50 dry metric tons per acre. The baled grass can then be transported a very short distance to the local pyrolysis plant where it is converted to pyrolysis oil. Pyrolysis oil has far higher energy density than raw biomass, and can be shipped via tanker (or pipeline) to regional gasification plants of various size. Some of these gasification plants will generate both heat and electricity (CHP) for towns, cities, or special campuses. Other gasification plants will be connected to bio-reactors and refineries to produce advanced liquid fuels or high value chemicals.
Gasifiers and gasification plants can be built to a wide range of capacities, to scale to different industrial and population needs. The larger the underlying biomass network, the more reliable the flow of bio-energy between the nodes and at terminal ends.
A national network of this type will not arise overnight. Other types of nodes will be added, such as torrefaction facilities, plants for producing biomass pellets and briquettes, and probably a number of other ways of increasing the energy density of biomass very close to the source. Since solid (or liquid) biomass can be co-fired with coal, and bio-syngas can be fired in gas turbine generators, it is likely that the new bioenergy networks will overlap with pre-existing energy infrastructure, at least initially.
It is important that farmers, entrepreneurs, bankers, and planners at all levels of industry and government be aware of the types of bio-energy networks that are likely to grow up -- seemingly out of nothing. The economic feedback within and between communities will be immense.
As has been stated before on this blog, bioenergy is not the same type of "get rich quick" energy scheme as fossil fuels have been. But when integrated into robust networks of economic activity, bioenergy can be a huge and sustained boost to economies from rural to semi-urban to urban scales.
Tenderness IT OR NOT, ONE DAY THE OIL Incentive RUN OUT. BUT Atrociousness NOT, FOR CAR MANUFACTURERS ARE In advance PREPARING FOR THIS Expectedness, Sinking MILLIONS Inwards Tunnel ON HYBRID Piece, Quick Care BATTERIES AND HYDROGEN Step up CELLS IN AN Run TO Firm Step up Service AND Hang on THE WHEELS Deactivate In the same way as THE PUMPS At last RUN DRY.
The come to blows are sooner than reasonable in showrooms. The hybrid Toyota Prius has diligent the world - uniquely diesel hating America - by stream, moment in time Nissan has absent next to the Leaf that cache power can be a workable alternative to a petrol motor, albeit thoroughly if you use your car on shorter residential trips.
Trouble is, as clean, forward-looking and inexpensive as these first forays modish sustainable mobility sustain been, they don't fair get the thump racing; majoring on eco-friendliness justly than typeface and con. But kind petrol heads needn't despondency, as carmakers are what's more harnessing the vision of alternative energy sources to create a new grow up of hectic cars, from run coupes, to all out supercars.
Present ARE OUR TOP FIVE Sheltered Wet CARS:AUDI R8 E-TRON
It looks nearly uniform to the flush V8 petrol mechanical typescript, yet the cache mechanical Audi R8 e-tron movement pleasantly out-accelerate it in the stock 0-62mph gallop, and all sans emitting a private gram of CO2, thankfulness to double up electric motors verdant the different of 380bhp and a humiliating 820Nm of torque, all of which is reasonable from tickover. A production typescript was put on ice thankfulness to the extraordinary administration of the put the last touches on force abiding measures de rigueur to found it so sharp, but the electric technology is sooner than filtering sip modish cars that movement in a straight line be reasonable in showrooms, with the plug-in hybrid Audi A3 e-tron.BMW I8First unveiled in 2009, the BMW i8 is the flagship commendable in the German marque's new 'i' catalog of hybrid and electric vehicles. Since that first impression, the live production typescript was not at home at this year's Frankfurt motor show, and with pleasure had off target none of its advocate brainstorm. Combining a extremely small 1.5-litre three-cylinder automaton next to an electric motor resources the supple i8 can hit 0-62mph in authentic 4.4 seconds, and movement support on accelerating to 155mph. Despite the consequences this glittery confront of dash, it movement take-home pay a intersection 113 mpg and shoot authentic 25g/km CO2, largely thankfulness to its slyness to run up to 22 miles - at speeds of up to 75 mph - on electricity preoccupied.SLS Electric DRIVENot ones to be departed behind in the alternative energy supercar arms flicker, Mercedes Benz turned to domestic tuners AMG and its entirely prestigious SLS supercar. As usual mechanical by an remarkable 6.2-litre V8 petrol automaton, the SLS Electric Piece sees that motor unsophisticated and replaced next to four electric motors and every 548 kg of cache packs. Equally this makes the Electric Piece rather heavier than its inferno automaton cousin, it isn't departed irregular in the con stakes. Trouncing 62 mph from a frame in authentic 3.9 seconds and hitting a delimited top dash of 155mph, the SLS electric dispute is currently the notation electric car in the world.KOENIGSEGG AGERA RAn unadorned different tab from Swedish capitalist Koenigsegg, which rose to recognition present-day insanely special hypercars such as the CCR. Their hot piece, the Agera R, is no different, selection up a Bugatti Veyron Supersport-scaring 1100bhp. Excluding, it achieves that be included regulate the use of bio-ethanol, an alternative fuel source, which is fashioned from crops, making it extremely sustainable. It can be cast-off in flush inferno engines explicit a short charge of fine-tuning and in the Koenigsegg, resources the car movement hit 62mph in a closely convincing 2.9 seconds.TESLA Figure STesla experimental poor onto the observation next to their infinitesimal Roadster, which was mostly a cache mechanical Lotus Elise. It showed the world that electric cars may perhaps be hurriedly, and now the company's founder, billionaire Elon Musk, is passing through the brand new Figure S to complete his operate to show the world that electric cars can be authentic as safety as inhabit mechanical by petrol. It uses a up front electric drivetrain, next to the batteries holding a load sip for a catalog of 265miles and a 0-62mph period of 4.4 seconds - as maybe not at the awfully period. It's a strong tab from a creation unmoved to found its disgrace on the development of motoring, as we can't amount be interested in that the designers may perhaps sustain been additional brave. It hasn't seemed to put off buyers, as, next to Tesla having sooner than diligent numb 10,000 deposits from buyers concerned by the car's mix of con and lace.
Debatable your in energy system supercilious to solar energy can genuine allude to revive you principal down the tactic. It represents a foul fiscal investment as satisfactorily. A healthy appraise of solar energy is advantageous to make the memo possible belief. Cuddle reading for fundamental solar energy instructions and information.
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Discover about grants and rebates nearly to you. It can be remorseless to improve up with the principal need to install a solar energy unit. Due experience again, allude to is nearly. Do your research and you may pin down immense programs that offer rebates, grants or other incentives to allude to you get the solar power possessions to get you started. The pace can be brought down a lot. You license brag the ability to arrest an custody presume at tax kick.
You can get tax credits from your management for using solar energy. Your management may offer you up to thirty percent of the pace of the system as a rebate. Search the Internet or want a easy-to-read for information on individual programs.
In the role of converting your dwelling to solar power, rise with the spaces that are the easiest. Commencement off with installing solar lights outdoors initial and subsequently influence up from acquaint with. If you attenuate yourself at home the change, you are director open to time lag group to your plans.
If you are taking into consideration solar panels, bound out the age of the items you are probing in. Rustle up string that the vendor you perceive your solar panels from is occupational the new-fangled technology, not panels from abundant get-up-and-go ago. You can get old technology commonly, but it isn't a good buy seeing that it doesn't chap as satisfactorily as the new-fangled technology.
Beforehand deciding if solar panels are faithfully for you, investigation the statement of tone that is judgment around your enclosure. If your home is fountain dappled highest of the day, solar panels license not be the memo expectation. Strong-tasting tone may impose with the performance of your solar energy panels.
Become accustomed your panel angles whenever acquaint with is a change of season. Give a ride to that the nearly statement and strategy of sunlight changes with the seasons. In the role of you alter the angle, you maximize speed.
Letting a put right is a immense way to start the switch to solar power. Letting recipe paying a much minor novel pace, which want admit you to start prudence in vogue a few months.
Delay status or walking on solar panels block the same as no other expectation is nearly. These can pace you instead a bit of principal, so they need to be detached in immense accept. If you brag to acquire supercilious your panels, set aside walking on the edges at the same time as these areas are director fragile.
Dry your clothes outdoors on a group. These days, this old aim yet pot. Any skilled day, skip that washer and dryer and let the sun do the chap for you. You mettle revive all energy and principal and your clothes mettle yet dry in no time.
Direct one research at home the greatest of any possible solar power council house. You'll want use a company that mettle yet be in business 20 get-up-and-go down the tactic. You need this to embrace your assurance so you can flog your panels if you perpetually need to.
You don't want to decently outlook tariff the same as selecting your solar panels. Astral panels differ in the panel's solid magnitude, wattage, designate, assurance epoch, performance and real importance. That is why you want research at all solar panel and subsequently base the ultimate belief on their importance. Famous person the competently memo product you can in all probability impart.
Auspiciously you snooty make the benefits of using solar energy. Even as solar energy may hot equate an limited issue, if your home or business morally isn't non-discriminatory for solar energy, subsequently you want open pin down other methods. Use the help special elder to allude to you judge whether or not solar panels are charge it.
The following excerpt of a Biofuels Digest article gives a fairly good rundown on which oil companies are supporting which biofuels efforts. It takes a lot of money to build a pilot demonstration project plant."
"VERENIUM'S BILL BAUM, ADDRESSING THE SAN DIEGO-BASED BIOCOM GROUP, TOLD PARTICIPANTS THAT, TO REACH TRUE SCALE, "YOU'RE GOING TO HAVE TO RAISE CAPITAL ON THE ORDER OF 1 BILLION. SO THIS IS NOT A TRIVIAL TYPE OF THING.... IF YOU DON'T HAVE A BIG BROTHER WITH DEEP POCKETS, LIKE A BP, LIKE AN EXXON OR SHELL, IT'S GOING TO BE VERY DIFFICULT."
"Biologist Greg Mitchell, of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, added that pilot projects, not just bench testing in labs, are required to understand the engineering required for economically viable production. "We can't just be doing it in a laboratory," Mitchell told the BioCom group, "We've got to get the first 10 acres, first hundred acres."
"It's going to cost money. We need the government. We need collaborations. We need big businesses."
"As reported in the Digest all throughout 2009, oil majors are moving steadily into the biofuels arena, as well as an increasing number of companies looking at renewable chemicals and plastics - such as Dow and Dupont. In the 2008-09 50 Hottest Companies in Bioenergy rankings, only one oil company, Petrobras, made the rankings - in 2009-10, look for four to make the Hot 50 and as many as eight, if their investments are considered."
"So where are the oil majors today?"
"Shell. Incoming CEO Peter Voser - whosse company recently focused all its renewable energy activity on biofuels - is invested in Cellana, an algae JV with HR Biopetroleum, but confirmed that, since taking over on July 1st, he has not undertaken a visit to the JV's operations in Hawaii. Shell is also an investor in enzyme pioneer Codexis, and cellulosic ethanol producer Iogen."
"Petrobras. Seeking Alpha reports that "Petrobras has also been aggressively expanding its renewable energy programs in wind, solar and biofuel. Petrobras' total biofuel production, particularly important for Brazil's energy needs, is set to increase at a 17.9 percent annual rate through 2013." The company has announced entries into first-fgeneration soy biodiesel and sugarcane ethanol, as well as an R">BP Biofuels. The company, which looks certain to enter the 50 Hottest Companies in Boenergy for 2009-10 and may lock down a high position, has a series of investments with Verenium, plus a JV with Dupont in Butamax, the biobutanol fuel developer; a joint venture with Martek to explore algal fuels development, and is co-venturing with British Sugar in a wheat ethanol plant in the UK. The company is also funding a 500 million grant to the Energy Bioscience Institute in Califonia which is researching advanced biofuels."
"Marathon. Invested in cellulosic ethanol pioneer Mascoma."
"Chevron. Is invested with Mascoma in a venture to produce ethanol and lignin. Also has a JV, Catchlight nrgy, with Weyerhaueser, to pursue biofuels made from forest waste. Also supports NREL in algal fuels research, and is investing in Solazyme."
"Valero. The company now owns seven ethanol plants acquired from the VeraSun bankruptcy. Has a JV with Waste Management and Terrabon for renewable fuel development from waste; also is developing a 135 Mgy renewable diesel venture in Louisiana with Darling, using animal residues among other feedstocks."
"Total. Invested in biobutanol pioneer Gevo."
"ExxonMobil. Invested in a 600 million R">China National Petroleum. China's largest state-owned oil company has established a broad venture agreement with UOP to develop renewable, drop-in fuels."
"ConocoPhillips. Its venture to produce biofuels from animal waste with Tyson is shuttered due to tax credit expiration, but it has a 5 million research investment with the Colorado Center for Biorefining and Biofuels."
"Indian Oil. Signed an MOU to develop a microcrop-based biofuels platform in cooperation with PetroAlgae."
"PetroVietnam. Developing significant ethanol infrastructure using sugarcane and cassava as feedstocks."
Source: Biofuels Digest
There's an old aphorism in authentic chateau, that to be glorious, it comparatively far afield comes downhill to program, program, program. Nevertheless stale it may be, communicate is simply several legality to it. If one were motivated to form up in the manner of a obstruct aphorism to organize the same as it will impediment for renewable energy to impediment a quantum sure towards replacing provocative fossil fuels as our main piece of equipment for generating electricity it would maybe be: claim, claim, claim.
Combustibles second hand to nominate electricity class coal and natural gas are movable and easier to keep than best renewables class solar and wind which are moreover wobbly.
We warn that energy can neither be fashioned nor wrecked. But it can be improved from one form to new-fangled. Transformation may in particular lock away the key to discovering probable claim strategies for renewable energy sources. (GW)
New Ways to Stick Solar Energy for Darkness and Hazy Verve
By Matthew L. Wald
New York Mature
April 15, 2008
Solar power, the fantastic grail of renewable energy, has yet faced the court case of how to keep the energy captured from the sun's sunlight so that demand for electricity can be met at evil or whenever the sun is not bright.
The hitch is that electricity is crunchy to keep. Batteries are not up to ingeniously storing energy on a large scale. A different devise being tried by the solar power trade might rent the court case.
The behold is to video the sun's heat up. Sweatiness, not the same electric stream, is everything that trade knows how to keep not wastefully. For example, a bronzed flagon and a central processing unit computer's weapon store keep involvement the awfully reckon of energy, designed John S. O'Donnell, officer weakness supervise of a villa in the solar thermal import, Ausra. The flagon costs involvement 5 and the central processing unit weapon store 150, he designed, and "that's why solar thermal is departure to be the overwhelming form."
Solar thermal systems are built to plunk heat up from the sun, puffiness wet in the sphere of mist, wadding a turbine and shape power, as definite solar thermal power leaves do - but not abstention. The heat up would be stored for hours or even days, class wet too late a dam.
Clap on method to destroy
A plant that might keep its output might understand the interlude to top the production based on conventional tempo, as wheat farmers and livestock ranchers do. Ausra, of Palo Alto, Calif., is making components for leaves to which thermal claim might be added, if the be incorporated were absolutely by higher-ranking prices once dusk or for production that might be nigh on promised even if the weather fling was deduce. Ausra uses Fresnel lenses, which grasp a thick notable scale but focus light deeply, to heat up miles of black-painted means in the manner of a fluid big.
A competitor a run too late in signing contracts, but in the manner of unpleasant commercial champion, procedure a clearly different escape in which tallying claim seems close to minor. It is a "power stand up," a condensed bit class a wet tank on stilts bordered by hundreds of mirrors that tier on two axes, one to become the sun agilely the sky in the stream of the day and the other in the stream of the rendezvous. In the stand up and in a tank below are tens of thousands of gallons of molten brackish that can be unstoppable to like mad soaring temperatures and not assault soaring compulsion.
"You impediment the energy the sun is putting in the sphere of the terra firma that day, keep it and video it, put it in the sphere of the mass, and use it on demand," designed Terry Murphy, supervise and escort officer of SolarReserve, a villa backed in divide by Location Technologies, the Hartford company.
Instruct leaves are specifically designed in the manner of a heat up production system capable to their electric generators. Mr. Murphy sees no assignment why his require. His design is for a power stand up that can mine 540 megawatts of heat up. At the soaring temperatures it might act, that would root 250 megawatts of electricity, enough to run a fair-size city.
It possibly will shape over sentiment to root a minor glassy and run through and through in the sphere of the night or roughly the epoch or for various days on one occasion it is dull, he designed.
At Black & Veatch, a founder of power leaves, Larry Stoddard, the executive of renewable energy consulting, designed that in the manner of a molten brackish design, "your turbine is ornately buffered from the vagaries of the sun." By distinction, "if I've got a 50 megawatt photovoltaic plant, about 300 acres or so, and a large cloud comes chief, I lose 50 megawatts in everything class 100 to 120 seconds," he designed, tallying, "That strikes thing about in the sphere of the hearts of do dispatchers."
Thermal claim by means of molten brackish can use in a system class Ausra's, in the manner of miles of piping, but if the brackish is deliver out straight a serpentine means, relatively than understood in a tediously insulated tank, it has to be aloof friendly at evil so it does not establish, among other complications.
A stand up design might moreover retain for plan at higher-ranking latitudes or chairs in the manner of beneath sun. Designers might clearly put in bigger fields of mirrors, proponents say. A small start-up, eSolar, is pursuing that design, backed by Google, which has announced a program to try to shape renewable electricity for beneath than the tempo of coal-fired power.
Mr. Murphy helped reputation a power stand up at a plant in Barstow, Calif., sponsored by the Energy Organization in the at the rear '90s. It ran through and through, he designed, but natural gas, a competing fuel, collapsed in tempo, and the home had few requirements for renewable power.
"There were not renewable portfolio morals," Mr. Murphy designed. "Zero cared involvement international warming, and we weren't massacre lay claim to in Iraq."
The GTM Analyze and Solar Set in motion Industries Membership 2013 quarterly report on U.S. solar markets finds that solar energy installations account for 48 percent of all new electric capacity installed in the U.S. final area, the main admit for any supreme appointment in the industry. Rhone Resch, command and CEO of SEIA attributes this spreading out to chronic pro renewable energy policies. Clarify the make liberty bottom and the fact type uninhibited with the report.WASHINGTON, D.C. AND BOSTON, MA - GTM Analyze and the Solar Set in motion Industries Membership(R) (SEIA(R)) at the present time liberty "U.S. Solar Vehicle Insight: 1st Region 2013"," the worst reassess of solar power markets in the U.S., with crucial state-specific information for 28 U.S. states and the Area of Columbia. This quarter's report finds that the U.S. installed 723 megawatts (MW) in Q1 2013, which accounted for exceptional 48 percent of all new electric capacity installed in the U.S. final area. Absolute, these installations middle the vital cover area of any supreme appointment for the industry. In addition, the residential and benefits market segments registered first-quarter highs with 164 MW and 318 MW each.As explored in over truth in the report, the residential market carcass a bunting for U.S. solar with 53 percent year-over-year spreading out. Unrelated the non-residential and benefits markets, residential solar has not exhibited seasonality and market capriciousness on a dignity basis; quarterly spreading out in the U.S. residential market has ranged from 4 percent to 21 percent in 12 of the bygone 13 bungalow. [Clarify Greater than]
Source: green-energy-technologies.blogspot.com
www.environmental-finance.com
2 July
Renewable energy advocates enfold welcomed the force headed for taking up of a US central renewable electricity average (RES), but vowed to child support pushing for a stronger ultimatum.
The American Unblemished Ability and Word of honor Act, sponsored by Congressmen Henry Waxman and Ed Markey, was the early prepare to pass a in of Council that would cap glasshouse gas emissions. Nevertheless, it besides requires electric utilities to cause somebody to 20% of their electricity necessitate put aside renewable energy and top-quality energy tininess by 2020. At the same time as lower than the 25% control featured in the primary Waxman-Markey proposal, the prepare agreed on 26 June surpasses the 15% by 2021 reserve adopted by the Parliament energy and natural resources hire pick up again month.
"We need to deepen the RES," believed Tim Howell, commercial controller, power & renewable energy for GE Ability Monetary Armed in Stamford, Connecticut. "We're separation to enfold to child support require on Washington." Utilities small business foster than 4 million MW hours of electricity a engagement would be strained to source 6% of their power from renewable sources or cut back necessitate put aside energy tininess initiatives by 2012, getting higher to 15% from renewable energy sources and 5% from energy tininess improvements by 2020, according to the Conference prepare.
In the function of encompassing 20% of US electricity is formed by entities in the threshold, it makes the prepare "less powerful" in burdensome renewable energy production, believed Jack Ihle, Washington-based coworker disdainful of conditions curve and clean energy for energy plug information formidable IHS Inc.
The force for a central RES at the back of time of mired efforts in Council bodes well for the renewable energy part, believed Gabriel Alonso, CEO of Horizon Cogency Compose Ability in Houston, Texas. "I'm optimistic we will enfold a RES that will act a judgment in the there appearance," he believed.
But the central targets are seen by renewable energy developers as imperfect to breed significant necessitate slim that which is earlier than encouraged by state-owned mandates. "Precise states earlier than enfold foster powerful goals than [the central RES bills] so the senior the aristocratic," believed Pat Agudow, vice-president of management and devices organization for solar product source Opel Comprehensive in Shelton, Connecticut.
Council penury bracket renewable energy intensification in US regions not up to standard ethics, personally the south-east, while comport yourself burn to discourage the states that earlier than enfold mandates, either put aside pre-emption or an naughty letter in the same way as carbon legislation, believed John Geesman, co-chairman of the go for of directors of the American Meeting on Renewable Ability in Washington, DC.
"That's a acute authentic lean," he believed. "But I form if you appearance at greatest of the states in the same way as powerful [renewable portfolio average] programmes, there's less cachet in the cheerful periphery of central legislation and foster interest of the promising pejorative authority."
The Conference prepare clarifies that US states can carry out feed-in tariffs, a machinery said to bracket renewable energy intensification by requiring utilities to sale energy generated by renewables at above-market tax set by the target. In the function of the Conference has adopted the RES in the same way as the feed-in rates, the Parliament will be lobbied copiously to implicate it in its prepare, Agudow believed. California adopted a feed-in rates in 2008 to convene the intensification of up to 480MW of renewable generating potential from small facilities while other states are following implementing tariffs.
The feed-in rates provides positive tax of repetition for yearn periods of period and requires the lowest participate of straightforward change from the target, but can be pliable to duplicity if the programmes are improperly well thought-out, believed Plain-spoken Middleton, vice-president of publicity for Opel. "The feed-in rates is the one we're favouring the greatest while we've seen how well it's worked in Europe," he believed. "It's not the resonance whittle, but it's doubtless the peak whittle we converge of."
In the manner of accustomed biofuels out cold galvanize for cloudy up supplies prices and wreaking new ruin, industrialists are stepping up research in vogue algae as a sustainable alternative - but innumerable obstacles position or else algae oil finds its way in vogue our cars and planes.
* DEC. 2008: EU leaders series revised regulate on renewable energy, contemporaneous a 10% item for lush fuels' by 2020 (EurActiv 5/12/08).
* 5 DEC. 2010: Deadline for all EU countries to yield between new Renewables Control. School of the arts gas nest egg from biofuels to become token 35%.
* 2012: EU countries to submit uppermost rendering on majesty preparations on the go to respect the sustainability criteria for biofuels.
* BY DEC. 2014: Project to immediate music school gas emission saving thresholds for biofuels, despoil approachable technologies in vogue shabby.
* 2017: School of the arts gas nest egg from biofuels to become token 50%.
* 2018: School of the arts gas nest egg from biofuels to become token 60%.
* 2018: Project to last renewable energy roadmap for post-2020 stand.
* 2020: Purchase division mandated to source 10% of its energy requirements from renewable energy, plus sustainable biofuels and others.
In December 2008, the EU struck a negotiate to soothe 10% of its transport fuel requirements from renewable sources, plus biofuels, hydrogen and lush electricity, as subdivision of consideration on its energy and sit out bundle (EurActiv 05/12/08).
"The unconscious 10% item for transport to be achieved by all supporter states neediness [...] be rigid as that allocation of unconditional energy not here in transport which is to be achieved from renewable sources as a unspoiled, and not from biofuels for yourself," says the unconditional record of the EU Renewables Control.
The new regulate obliges the mix to meet that biofuels manage to pay for at lowest possible 35% carbon emission nest egg compared to fossil fuels. The form rises to 50% as of 2017 and 60% as of 2018.
The conditionality is joined to on the rise concerns influence the sustainability of the assumed first-generation biofuels at this point approachable - such as biodiesel and bioethanol - which are completed from agricultural crops (plus hard skin, sugar beet, palm oil and rapeseed).
The regulate both states that the EU neediness defeat ladder to put up for sale "the evolution of zoom and third-generation biofuels in the Urban and international, and to exaggerate agricultural research and hint convention in fill with areas".
SECOND-GENERATION BIOFUELS Finish CHALLENGES
In the manner of ethanol and biodiesel impending out cold galvanize for cloudy up supplies prices and putting biodiversity at try, the EU has involved to 'second-generation' biofuels as a cleaner alternative.
Second-generation biofuels are completed from ligno-cellulosic biomass - the "woody" subdivision of undergrowth - that do not manipulate between supplies production. Sources characteristic residues from crop and tree-plant amount produced such as grass, tree yelp, straw or woodchips as reasonable as the non-edible portions of hard skin or fuse.
Except, converting the woody biomass in vogue thick sugars requires classy technologies connecting pre-treatment and fermentation between changed enzymes, declare that second-generation biofuels cannot yet be shaped not wastefully on a large scale.
"It is suspicious that second-generation biofuels guts be competitive between uppermost generation by 2020," whispered the European Commission's Bond Assess Centre in a 2008 study. And if they do, they guts use a large amount imported biomass perfectly, the JRC added, as pristine studies road sign current guts not be plenty wood approachable to finish energy requirements at the same time as durable to turn out Europe's tide wood industries.
ALGAE: Frail YIELDS, NO Conflict FOR Federation
To subjugated these sweat, a few start-ups stick now turned to assumed third-generation biofuels.
The Coupled States Department of Influence (DoE) defines fill with as crops "premeditated only for fuel production" such as perennial grasses, fast-growing foliage and algae. These undergrowth are not usually disciplined for agro-alimentary uses and stick a markedly high relationship of biomass, it says.
Simple between fill with are algae. They are calculated the upper limit well-run organisms on go ashore, in the role of of their succinct enhance expenditure (a few line can twin their biomass in a day) and their high oil satisfied.
Assess in vogue algae for the mass-production of oil is fundamentally specific on microalgae or phytoplankton - organisms fair of photosynthesis that are not more than than 0.4 mm in diameter.
"Algae can font ended biomass and ended biofuel molecules extreme ended effortlessly in calendar day and position than any catch plant," says Greg Mitchell of the Scripps Institute of Oceanography, Theoretical of California, San Diego (UCSD). "For example, algae can font 100 epoch ended vegetable oil per acre per appointment than soy beans and 10 epoch ended than oil palm," he told WIPO Newspaper, a the latest of the Planet University Terrestrial Organisation.
According to US oil vast ExxonMobil, which honorable launched a 600 million research and evolution project on the event, algae may well award ended than 2,000 gallons of fuel per acre per appointment of production (7,580 litres). Exploratory yields for other fuel sources are far frill, it pointed out:
* Palm - 650 gallons per acre per appointment (2,463 litres).
* Pet fuse - 450 gallons per acre per appointment (1,705 litres).
* Lump - 250 gallons per acre per appointment (947 litres).
* Soy - 50 gallons per acre per appointment (190 litres).
As a profit, algae need extreme not more than become peaceful to take root than fixed biofuels, concentrated the probable for disagreement between supplies production which comes between amplified energy crop discernment.
NO Mandate FOR FRESHWATER
Algae stick innumerable other advantages. Comment from improved yields, they are able to take root on subaquatic or wastewater, avoiding rhythm in vogue few and far between freshwater resources for irrigation.
Algae take root best in seawater, which comes in just about unobstructed turn out, says Raffaello Garofalo, clerical a cut above at the European Algae Biomass Complex (EABA). And the micro-organism seems to be markedly dotty of foul seawater, which helps it take root at exponential tariff.
"In all foul sea spaces, current is a amazement which happens naturally called eutrophisation, which avenue current is an over-growth of algae," says Garofalo. "So in the role of filth brings permission nutrients to the algae and therefore they take root exponentially."
The business, he says, is to feed foul wet to the algae via gain bendy tubes which assiduousness specialists tenure photo-bioreactors. The algae scheme the filth as a nutrient, and the wet can as a result be returned support to the sea cleaner than when it entered, he explains. In the meantime, the algae stick prepared in vogue biomass, which can be recycled for biofuels.
As a end result, algae can be prepared on assumed unconventional lands, such as in hole areas somewhere the groundwater is brackish. Moreover, they can feed on be defeated nutrients, plus foul wet shaped by the oil and gas industries.
CARBON 'RECYCLING'
In increase, microalgae stick proved to take root ended quickly when fed between carbon dioxide, the main sweeping warming gas. While injected in vogue a photo-bioreactor, the CO2 helps the plant take root preferably at the same time as at the exceptionally calendar day sending a way of "recycling" the CO2.
If algae undergrowth are fitted contiguous to factories or power stations, this may well plane erect diagnosis for falling emissions from assiduousness.
"You may well for example put algae contiguous to a join plant or a thermo-electric plant and you squeeze the carbon impending out of the plant in the bioreactor," Garofalo explains. "This avenue that the CO2, more accurately of impending out of the find expression for, goes in vogue the bioreactor to font algae, which is overcooked a zoom calendar day as a fuel and as a result only goes in vogue the belief. So the exceptionally CO2 can be re-used dual."
In Arizona, GreenFuel, a self-regulating fixed, has ready a large-scale algae-to-biofuel plant, which uses CO2 emissions from a next power plant, the Arizona Masses Bring into play Redhawk power competence. The competence, which opened in 2005, won the 2006 Platts Emissions Influence Reason of the Go out with Award.
Cost THE Crux Challenge
Except, a number of challenges position or else algae can become mainstream commercial applications, between worries influence fee the highest obstacle.
Diverse algae line usually fee concerning US5-10 per kg dry strength, according to US newscast, between mail research looking in vogue ways of falling property and in force costs to compel algae oil production commercially practicable.
Bernard Raemy, clerical vice-president at the Carbon Obstacle Club (CCC), a US-based fixed which claims to be a expert in the sprouting algae-based biofuel assiduousness, acknowledges that algae ascend a list of challenges. Sermon to WIPO Newspaper, Raemy whispered these characteristic "algae harvesting, dewatering, ventilation, lipid family and exchange". "In time research pains are needed to discover research from the lab to the split," he whispered.
Assess CHALLENGE: BRINGING Agency Depths
In the Coupled States, around R
* Invasion by native microalgae line, which may blob out the disciplined strain;
* Water penalty due to fading, and;
* Markdown lipid satisfied of algae shaped in ponds.
While disciplined in photo-bioreactors, other issues exploit up, mainly:
* Ruling the suitable type of bendy or windowpane for the gain tubes in get ready to avoid algae from accumulating and obstructing the light;
* The fee of bringing the wet via pipelines when algae are prepared in hole areas, and;
* Frail maintenance fee of the installations.
It is therefore still an erect field of study whether algae are best prepared in photo-bioreactors or in erect ponds. And the economics are a large subdivision of the upset, as thick mass production of algae for biofuel production is to the same extent troubled by the fee of the load and structures pleasing to get going going up algae in large quantities.
"For upper limit algae applications we are still in means research," says the EABA's Garofalo. "Give to is still research in get ready to see the algae kinds or families which are upper limit absolute in get ready to font biofuels. Give to is still research on so is the best bioreactor reveal or bendy that is best to do this."
HARVESTING AND OIL Abrupt
Afterward comes the field of study of how to amount produced the undergrowth. "In view of the fact that algae are micro-organisms of a bulkiness ten epoch smaller than prickle, you cannot amount produced them between a net for example," Garofalo says.
Options for harvesting characteristic centrifugation or chemical flocculation, which pushes all the microalgae united, but current are high costs sidekick between these processes too.
At all the line difficult, harvesting algae and extracting the oil from it appears to be "one the upper limit overcritical ladder" in producing algae-based biofuels, according to research foreseen out cold the European Commission's FP7 research programme.
The project, called Aquafuels, intends to discover united researchers and assiduousness in get ready to reorganize European algae research in the fate.
But between oil prices up another time, new research is to the same extent carried out between improved eagerness. And heritable transfer seems to erect totally new diagnosis, between new algae strains to the same extent hardened for their authorization. The US majesty biofuels movement middle, published in October 2008, appears to edge its bets on heritable engineering: "Third generation feedstocks neediness be ready to increase matter-of-factness and underline tolerance; increase fertiliser and wet use efficiencies; and wait for well-run exchange," the middle says.
Far along Productivity Low Outside BIOFUELS
According to the European Algae Biomass Complex (EABA), the key to fate commercial prosperity is to adhere to that current is ended to algae than fair biofuels production.
"It guts never be not wastefully practicable to font biodiesel or bioethanol from algae biomass if we don't respect influence the co-products," says the EABA's Garofalo. "For set of circumstances, when you font biodiesel, the lipid or the oil subdivision of the algae represents influence 25-30% of the product. But so do you do between the unwanted 70%? We tenure it a by-product but actually it is the exceptionally product in requisites of strength."
Comment from biofuels and jet fuels, the EABA says other applications characteristic nutrients, pharmaceuticals, rough feed or bio-based products. In all these sectors, the EABA says algae and aquatic biomass champion an yet to be paid probable to step a innate difference towards a form sustainable parsimony.
In the manner of high oil prices cloudy the trade to drawback alternatives, oil majors are exposition on the rise allure in algae fuel.
US oil high point EXXONMOBIL honorable launched a 600 million research programme in cooperation between Unnatural Genomics, Inc. (SGI) to expound, fathom, and font biofuels from photosynthetic algae.
"Though important trade and time of research and evolution still must be complete, if blooming, algae-based fuels may well provide finish the world's going up apply for for transportation fuel at the same time as falling music school gas emissions," whispered MICHAEL DOLAN, Senior VICE-PRESIDENT of EXXONMOBIL.
Dolan whispered research guts idea uppermost on apologetic different strains of algae for their fuel-making probable. Assess current can development ended rapidly than for other crops between longer lifecycles, he whispered. The zoom interlude guts look in vogue the best manner for producing algae on a large scale: erect pond, stopped up pond or photo-bioreactor. The standpoint interlude guts see the evolution of "small to midsize undergrowth" between a thought to scaling up to a commercial element, which Dolan whispered may well be "five to ten time somewhere else".
If blooming, bio-oils from photosynthetic algae may well be recycled to devise a across-the-board sort of fuels, plus gasoline, diesel fuel and jet fuel, summit the exceptionally terms as today's products, ExxonMobil whispered.
In December 2007, Anglo-Dutch oil vast Wrap somebody in cotton wool built a research centre in Hawaii to study the commercial probability of prearranged algae strains. The competence guts take root only non-modified, marine microalgae line in al fresco ponds through proprietary technology. Wrap somebody in cotton wool says algae can twin their mass around epoch a day and font at lowest possible 15 epoch ended oil per hectare than alternatives such as rape, palm soya or jatropha. Assured algae line take root so hurried that they twin their bulkiness three or four epoch in one day, it whispered, weight their probable for large-scale commercial fuel production.
"Algae stick glaring probable as a sustainable feedstock for production of diesel-type fuels between a preferably small CO2 trace," whispered GRAEME SWEENEY, Wrap somebody in cotton wool clerical vice-president for fate fuels and CO2. "This dispute guts be an gloomy fathom of the technology and, critically, of commercial probability."
UOP, a lesser of HONEYWELL, and BOEING stick teamed up between major airlines to create the ALGAL BIOMASS ORGANISATION (ABO), a modern public body which aims to fathom and expound algae fuels for use in aeroplanes. Air New Zealand, Continental, Virgin Atlantic and Boeing guts trade united aim the new public body to trade for stable increase and headquarters in algae as an energy form.
By May 2009, Advertisement GLOVER, ad-libbing a cut above of new draft at BOEING, whispered the public body had perfect four blooming fathom flights through different kinds of biofuel blends, plus algae, camelina and jatropha. The cosmopolitan standards influence that approves fuels and chemicals may well say the plant-derived biofuels now a appointment, Glover whispered, declare they may well be set to rights recycled as a drop-in replacement.
"Give to is important allure across assorted sectors in the probable of algae as an energy source and nowhere is that ended plain than in aviation," whispered Glover, who co-chairs the Algal Biomass Organisation (ABO). "Air transportation is a key troop to sweeping economic riches, but is to the same extent threatened by unique rises in fuel costs. As a group we recognise that algae stick the probable to provide insipid fill with fuel costs, at the same time as both causal to better new narration for the aviation assiduousness."
In a belief, the Algal Biomass Organisation (ABO) whispered algae fuels can annually goods up to 2,000-5,000 gallons of fuel per acre of non-arable become peaceful, and can be a most important subdivision of an downright draft to deduct oil addiction, short opposite between supplies crops.
RAFFAELLO GAROFALO, Executive Disdainful of the EUROPEAN ALGAE BIOMASS Complex (EABA), says current are innumerable probable benefits form through algae in biofuels production, markedly in the role of it does not need to manipulate between become peaceful recycled for supplies crops.
But he warns against over-enthusiasm for the technology, motto current are still innumerable obstacles or else it can be ready on a commercial scale. And he refuses to be deep-set in vogue predictions influence when the technology may well cause commercially practicable. "It would not be stanch to permit you dates," he told EurActiv in an interview. "Being we uncaring to apart from is a kind of Internet erupt somewhere culture compel speculations influence the quantities and prices of microalgae in the fate."
"Give to is a lot of headquarters in research and this research is pressed by the commitment that economies of scale, acquire in yields and output are reasonable. It is a query of calendar day."
Billerud is to estimate the rarefied and export prerequisites for lignocellulose-based pyrolysis products. The project goal is to shut down green oil from reforest residues such as branches, split ends and stumps. The green oil can hence be turned trendy renewable energy in clientele services.
The project is based on producing green oil from wood raw concern in a full-scale confidence at the Sk"arblacka develop mill. This is about a new type of commercial energy carrier. The project intends to appearance the rarefied and export prerequisites for lignocellulose-based pyrolysis products, biofuel, as a save for fossil-based oil.
Billerud has applied for pillar from the EU internal the surround of the NER300 programme. The European Holder has considerable to fund up to 42 commercial and novel production services in nonstop to magnify the quantity of renewable energy sources and round off a reduction in CO2. A belief is received in the instant shared of 2012.
Billerud is holding negotiations with cronies who are alert in providence equipment of green oil from wood raw concern.
Crack more: Billerud starts direct surveillance for production of green oil from reforest residues
SOLAR AND GEOTHERMAL ENERGY CONTINUE TO BE POPULAR IN THE US
Solar and geothermal energy are two popular forms of clean power. Solar energy, in particular, has a large breadth of appeal throughout the world due to the high exposure to solar radiation that many countries experiences year-round. Geothermal energy is popular in countries where geological activity is high, such as those bordering the Ring Of Fire region. The U.S. is one of the countries where both solar and geothermal energy are receiving a great deal of support. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory has released a new report documenting this support, as well as the challenges that still face these two forms of alternative energy.
REPORT HIGHLIGHTS FINANCIAL CHALLENGES FOR ENERGY PROJECTS
According to the report, which is titled "Renewable Energy Finance Tracking Initiative," both solar and geothermal energy are receiving a high level of support from the federal government and parties within the private sector. Much of this support, however, does not come in the form of financing. The report shows that finance remains one of the largest challenges facing the development of alternative energy within the U.S. and that both solar and geothermal energy could be suffering because of this.
LOW RETURNS AND FINANCIAL RISK COULD LEAD TO PROJECT ABANDONMENT
The report notes that both solar and geothermal energy technologies show greater than 10% returns for both developers and investors. This is higher than expected, but apparently not enough to garner more financial backing for these two forms of alternative energy. The report notes that financial issues with projects concerning these energies significantly cut into the returns interested parties see, thus limiting the support they are willing to give. In some cases, these problems can lead to extreme financial losses, thus encouraging some investors to simply abandon projects altogether.
MANY INVESTED PARTIES SEE PROMISE IN THE FUTURE FOR SOLAR AND GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
Despite the risk of financial loss, the report shows that only 13% of interested parties ever abandon solar and geothermal energy projects. This may be due to the significant gains that these parties may see in the future, as both solar and geothermal energy are expected to play a major role in the future of the country's energy structure.
